Multi-level single mode 2D polymer waveguide optical interconnects using nano-imprint lithography

Khan, Muhammad Umar; Justice, John; Petäjä, Jarno; Korhonen, Tia; Boersma, Arjen; Wiegersma, Sjoukje; Karppinen, Mikko; Corbett, Brian

doi:10.1364/oe.23.014630

Cited by 37 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This technique simply requires a high Q / V optical resonator (e.g., a PhC cavity), which can be well realized in these technologies. Chip bonding 4 and transfer printing 20 are particularly appropriate to realize a hybrid silicon PhC–polymer–RSOA scheme. The simulated mode area of the polymer waveguide is 4.5 µm 2 , which is a close match to the mode area of 4.6 µm 2 for the RSOA used here, with slight differences in the shape.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength stability in a hybrid photonic crystal laser through controlled nonlinear absorptive heating in the reflector

et al. 2018

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The need for miniaturized, fully integrated semiconductor lasers has stimulated significant research efforts into realizing unconventional configurations that can meet the performance requirements of a large spectrum of applications, ranging from communication systems to sensing. We demonstrate a hybrid, silicon photonics-compatible photonic crystal (PhC) laser architecture that can be used to implement cost-effective, high-capacity light sources, with high side-mode suppression ratio and milliwatt output output powers. The emitted wavelength is set and controlled by a silicon PhC cavity-based reflective filter with the gain provided by a III–V-based reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). The high power density in the laser cavity results in a significant enhancement of the nonlinear absorption in silicon in the high Q-factor PhC resonator. The heat generated in this manner creates a tuning effect in the wavelength-selective element, which can be used to offset external temperature fluctuations without the use of active cooling. Our approach is fully compatible with existing fabrication and integration technologies, providing a practical route to integrated lasing in wavelength-sensitive schemes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength stability in a hybrid photonic crystal laser through controlled nonlinear absorptive heating in the reflector

et al. 2018

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“…Despite these advantages, single-mode polymer waveguides generally exhibit much higher propagation losses compared to their multi-mode counterparts. While propagation losses as low as 0.03 dB/cm have been demonstrated in multi-mode waveguides [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], the minimal loss figures in single-mode waveguides remain at 0.14 dB/cm (at 808 nm wavelength [33]) mainly due to increased modal overlap with roughness and defects at the core/cladding interfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low loss, flexible single-mode polymer photonics

Zuo

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

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Single-mode polymer photonics is of significant interest to short-reach data communications, photonic packaging, sensing, and biophotonic light delivery. We report here experimental demonstration of mechanically flexible waveguides fabricated by using commercial off-the-shelf biocompatible polymers that claim a record low propagation loss of 0.11 dB/cm near 850 nm wavelength. We also show the excellent flexibility of the freestanding waveguides which can withstand repeated deformation cycles at millimeter bending radius without compromising their low-loss characteristics. High-performance passive optical components, such as waveguide Y-branches, multi-mode interferometers (MMIs), and waveguide crossings are also realized using the polymer photonics platform.

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“…Many variations on the basic concept have been reported, but especially the imprinting approaches in which soft polymeric stamps are used [ 9 ] are interesting for the printing industry because they allow conformal imprinting on large areas, easy releasing of the stamp, and eventually allow roll-to-roll [ 10 , 11 ] or roll-to-plate high-throughput manufacturing [ 12 ]. Apart from a larger range of applications in the electronics industry, the imprinting technology has also been employed to fabricate optical nanostructures such as photonic crystals [ 9 ] or gratings [ 13 ], but the technology is also suitable for defining features with larger dimensions, such as polymer-based ring-resonators [ 14 , 15 ], evanescent wave sensors [ 16 ], and optical interconnects [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths

Missinne

Beneitez

Mattelin

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Thin and flexible sensor foils are very suitable for unobtrusive integration with mechanical structures and allow monitoring for example strain and temperature while minimally interfering with the operation of those structures. Electrical strain gages have long been used for this purpose, but optical strain sensors based on Bragg gratings are gaining importance because of their improved accuracy, insusceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and multiplexing capability, thereby drastically reducing the amount of interconnection cables required. This paper reports on thin polymer sensor foils that can be used as photonic strain gage or temperature sensors, using several Bragg grating sensors multiplexed in a single polymer waveguide. Compared to commercially available optical fibers with Bragg grating sensors, our planar approach allows fabricating multiple, closely spaced sensors in well-defined directions in the same plane realizing photonic strain gage rosettes. While most of the reported Bragg grating sensors operate around a wavelength of 1550 nm, the sensors in the current paper operate around a wavelength of 850 nm, where the material losses are the lowest. This was accomplished by imprinting gratings with pitches 280 nm, 285 nm, and 290 nm at the core-cladding interface of an imprinted single mode waveguide with cross-sectional dimensions 3 × 3 µm2. We show that it is possible to realize high-quality imprinted single mode waveguides, with gratings, having only a very thin residual layer which is important to limit bend losses or cross-talk with neighboring waveguides. The strain and temperature sensitivity of the Bragg grating sensors was found to be 0.85 pm/µε and −150 pm/°C, respectively. These values correspond well with those of previously reported sensors based on the same materials but operating around 1550 nm, taking into account that sensitivity scales with the wavelength.

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Multi-level single mode 2D polymer waveguide optical interconnects using nano-imprint lithography

Cited by 37 publications

References 17 publications

Wavelength stability in a hybrid photonic crystal laser through controlled nonlinear absorptive heating in the reflector

Wavelength stability in a hybrid photonic crystal laser through controlled nonlinear absorptive heating in the reflector

Low loss, flexible single-mode polymer photonics

Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths

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