Multi-material Additive Manufacturing by 3D Plasma Metal Deposition for Graded Structures of Super Duplex Alloy 1.4410 and the Austenitic Corrosion Resistant Alloy 1.4404

Hoefer, Kevin; Nitsche, Alexander; Abstoss, Kevin Gordon; Ertugrul, Goekan; André, Hugo; Mayr, P.

doi:10.1007/s11837-019-03356-4

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…) and the possibility of mixing up to four different powders simultaneously during the build-up process are the most significant benefits of this process. Detailed information on the process, the materials that can be processed and application examples have been published elsewhere [21][22][23].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manufacturing of Titanium Components with 3DPMD

Hoefer

Nitsche

André

et al. 2019

Metals

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Within this work, the 3D plasma metal deposition (3DPMD) process is introduced as an additive manufacturing process for titanium components. For this purpose, demonstrators were designed, manufactured and subsequently analyzed. Process-structure-property relationships are discussed. By analyzing the microstructure, the chemical composition and the mechanical-technological properties, it is shown that the production of titanium parts with 3DPMD is possible. The micro tensile tests showed that a load parallel to the build direction is the most critical case for the component. Furthermore, a brittle material behavior could be determined due to enhanced oxygen content in the component. By subsequent heat treatment, the brittle failure behavior could be increased to a fracture elongation of 4.6%. In sum, the 3DPMD process has the potential to manufacture near-net-shape titanium parts out of metal powders. Critical issues are the protection of the weldment and the lack of ductility of the titanium component.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed information on the process, the materials that can be processed and application examples have been published elsewhere [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing of Titanium Components with 3DPMD

Hoefer

Nitsche

André

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…The variation of the component density depending on the location is an example of this and can be seen as an analogy to human bone formation [1][2][3]. Further examples are the variation of the grain size [4] and changed materials [5] within the component. The continuous change of the component properties results in advantages such as: improved strength values [6], reduced internal stresses [7][8][9][10][11], and a lower crack propagation potential [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally Graded SS 316L to Ni-Based Structures Produced by 3D Plasma Metal Deposition

Rodrı́guez

Hoefer

André

et al. 2019

Metals

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In this investigation, the fabrication of functionally graded structures of SS316L to Ni-based alloys were studied, using the novel technique 3D plasma metal deposition. Two Ni-based alloys were used, a heat resistance alloy Ni80-20 and the solid-solution strengthened Ni625. Different configurations were analyzed, for the Ni80-20 a hard transition and a smooth transition with a region of 50% SS316L/50% Ni80-20. Regarding the structures with Ni625, a smooth transition configuration and variations in the heat input were applied. The effect of the process parameters on the geometry of the structures and the microstructures was studied. Microstructure examinations were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, microhardness analysis were made on the interfaces. In general, the smooth transition of both systems showed a gradual change in the properties. The microstructural results for the SS316L (both systems) showed an austenite matrix with δ-phase. For the mixed zone and the Ni80-20 an austenite (γ) matrix with some M7C3 precipitates and laves phase were recognized. The as-built Ni625 microstructure was composed of an austenite (γ) matrix with secondary phases laves and δ-Ni3Nb, and precipitates M7C3. The mixed zone exhibited the same phases but with changes in the morphology.

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“…The main advantages of multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) are the possibility of local variation of the part properties [1] or materials composition [2] depending on the real loads. MMAM is defined as the layer-by-layer production of components made of formless material, as opposed to subtractive or formative manufacturing methodologies, with locally modified properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is characterized by a build-up rate of up to 10 kg/h, low demands on powder quality, and the ability to process up to four powders simultaneously. Further information on the process and the materials to be processed can be found in earlier publications [2,[15][16][17]. Previous work on the production of graded steel and nickel-based components has primarily used beam-based direct energy deposition processes such as laser metal deposition [18], laser cladding [19], or laser rapid forming [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of SS316L to Ni80Cr20 graded structures by 3D plasma metal deposition

et al. 2020

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Powder metallurgy and thermal spraying has been used traditionally to manufacture functionally graded materials (FGMs). However, only simple geometries can be made with these processes and the compositional gradients cannot be tailored. These disadvantages can be overcome by employing additive manufacturing (AM). 3D plasma metal deposition (3DPMD) is a new technique that combines the advantages of plasma powder and additive processes. This process allows the production of structures with mixtures of different materials and powder fraction targeting changes in local properties and microstructures. For example, up to four powders, which can be different in terms of chemistry and powder fraction, can be mixed within one layer to adapt the local properties of the structure. The feasibility of functionally graded structures of stainless steel 316L (SS316L) and Ni80-20 alloy was studied. Two configurations, transition between the steel and the Ni-based alloy, were tested. The first one is hard transition, SS316L on the bottom and Ni80-20 on the top. The second one, a smooth transition between both materials was created with 50% of steel and 50% of Ni-based alloy. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructures. The manufactured part showed good appearance, without any external defects and acceptable geometric accuracy. The layer thickness was around z = 1 mm for both structures. Regarding the microstructural characterization, both materials displayed a dendritic structure. In the SS316L, the microstructure was composed by an austenitic matrix with δferrite located in the grain boundaries. The microstructure of the Ni80-20 was characterized as an austenitic matrix, with some M 7 C 3 and M 23 C 6 precipitates. In addition, the Laves phase was also observed.

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Multi-material Additive Manufacturing by 3D Plasma Metal Deposition for Graded Structures of Super Duplex Alloy 1.4410 and the Austenitic Corrosion Resistant Alloy 1.4404

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Manufacturing of Titanium Components with 3DPMD

Manufacturing of Titanium Components with 3DPMD

Functionally Graded SS 316L to Ni-Based Structures Produced by 3D Plasma Metal Deposition

Fabrication of SS316L to Ni80Cr20 graded structures by 3D plasma metal deposition

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