Increasing product proliferation, customisation, competition and customer expectations, as well as supply side disruptions, pose significant challenges to firm operations. Such challenges require improved efficiency and resilience in manufacturing, service and supply chain systems. New and innovative flexibility concepts and models offer a prospective route to such operational improvements. Several emerging issues in flexibility, such as risk and uncertainty management, environmental sustainability, optimal strategies under competition, optimal operations with strategic consumer behaviours are being examined in this regard. This overview provides a concise review of these critical research issues, and discusses related papers featured in this special issue. Four major flexibility drivers are classified: disruption risks, resilience and the ripple effect in the supply chain; digitalisation, smart operations and e-supply chains; sustainability and closedloop supply chains; and supplier integration and behavioural flexibility.Keywords: flexibility; flexible manufacturing; supply chain management; supply chain risk management; supply chain coordination; Industry 4.0; manufacturing systems; service supply chain; ripple effect
Flexibility in manufacturing, service and supply chain systemsWith increasing product proliferation, reduced unit demand volumes and next-day delivery expectations, flexibility in operations, service and supply chains has become an important focal area for research and industry. This special issue of IJPR aims to present state-of-the-art research in the field of flexibility in manufacturing, supply chain and service operations.A brief background on flexibility is provided in this section. Flexibility refers to the ability of a system to change (adapt) in dynamic environments. Operational system flexibility has been studied extensively in the manufacturing, service and supply chain literature from various strategic, tactical and operative perspectives (Slack 1987;Bordoloi, Cooper, and Matsuo 1999;Koste and Malhotra 1999;D'Souza and Williams 2000;Das 2001;Van Mieghem 2003;Zhang, Vonderembse, and Lim 2003;Wu, Erkoc, and Karabuk 2005;Alp and Tan 2008;Chang 2012;Jain et al. 2013;Choi, Cheng, and Zhao 2016;Cobb 2016;Ivanov, Tsipoulanidis and Schönberger 2017).A substantive part of this research studies capacity flexibility, classifying investigations into two main areas, i.e. decisions on investment in dedicated versus flexible capacity (Li and Tirupati 1994;Bish, Muriel, and Biller 2005), and process flexibility (or capacity adaptability). Process flexibility (Jordan and Graves 1995;Chou et al. 2010) analyses the ability of a company to change manufacturing setups at flexible lines according to demand or supply changes. It relies, in part on the capability to produce multiple products on multiple production facilities or lines (Jordan and Graves 1995;Simchi-Levi and Wei 2015). In particular, the design of a flexible production network under stochastic demand has been studied by Jordan and Graves (199...