Multi‐mode target tracking in combined sky‐wave and surface‐wave monostatic high frequency radar

Nearly constant acceleration model for state estimation in the range‐Doppler plane

“…In the above, r s kþ1 is the deterministic part of the range evolved from x k . Equations ( 7), ( 8) and (9) show that the relationship between R-D states at two consecutive time steps is highly non-linear. Furthermore, the random part, that is the process noise, is non-additive, non-linear, and has a dependence on Cartesian states.…”

“…Most existing target tracking methods are developed based on motion models [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Due to the nature of target motion and the convenience of formulation, motion modelling is often carried out in Cartesian coordinates; for example, the wellknown nearly constant velocity (NCV) model.…”

Construction of sea surface current vectors using a single HF radar: A theoretical study

“… 3 , 4 , 5 High-frequency (HF) OTHR (3–30 MHz, hereafter HF radar) generally includes ground wave radar, skywave radar, and hybrid sky–surface wave radar. 6 For ground wave radar signals, which are transmitted at a horizontal angle, the detection of moving targets is based on the diffraction characteristics of HF electromagnetic waves propagating through the earth with a maximum detection distance of up to 400 km. 7 , 8 At the same time, ground wave radar can extract the wind field, wave field, current field, and other sea surface state information from the radar echoes using the first-order scattering and second-order scattering mechanism induced by the interaction between the ocean surface water and HF electromagnetic waves.…”