Multi-mode to single-mode conversion in a 61 port Photonic Lantern

Noordegraaf, Danny; Skovgaard, Peter M. W.; Maack, Martin D.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Haynes, Roger; Lægsgaard, Jesper

doi:10.1364/oe.18.004673

Cited by 79 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…So far in published results, photonic lantern core geometries have consisted of hexagonal lattices, rounded array or square lattices with the number of cores approximately equal to the number of final waveguide modes as required [12,13,[17][18][19]. However, it has been theoretically demonstrated that the best starting point for a low loss lantern design is an uncoupled core geometry that best approximates or samples the geometry of the modes of the final MM fiber [14,20,21].…”

Section: Optimum Waveguide Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic lanterns

2013

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Multimode optical fibers have been primarily (and almost solely) used as "light pipes" in short distance telecommunications and in remote and astronomical spectroscopy. The modal properties of the multimode waveguides are rarely exploited and mostly discussed in the context of guiding light. Until recently, most photonic applications in the applied sciences have arisen from developments in telecommunications. However, the photonic lantern is one of several devices that arose to solve problems in astrophotonics and space photonics. Interestingly, these devices are now being explored for use in telecommunications and are likely to find commercial use in the next few years, particularly in the development of compact spectrographs. Photonic lanterns allow for a low-loss transformation of a multimode waveguide into a discrete number of single-mode waveguides and vice versa, thus enabling the use of single-mode photonic technologies in multimode systems. In this review, we will discuss the theory and function of the photonic lantern, along with several different variants of the technology. We will also discuss some of its applications in more detail. Furthermore, we foreshadow future applications of this technology to the field of nanophotonics.

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Section: Optimum Waveguide Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic lanterns

2013

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“…This is somewhat smaller than ideal given the typical seeing at the site however budget and timescale constraints limited the size of the photonic lanterns that could be considered at the time. Photonic lanterns with 61 SMFs, which would allow 1.8× the AΩ per fibre, have already been demonstrated 7 and developments in multicore fibre and integrated optics photonic lanterns promise to make large values of N readily achievable [8][9][10] in the near future. A spectrograph designed for FBG OH suppression should have collimator and camera optics with sufficiently fast focal ratios to accommodate the beam angles associated with the maximum AΩ values of the photonic lanterns it will be used with.…”

Section: Dark Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

PRAXIS: a low background NIR spectrograph for fibre Bragg grating OH suppression

et al. 2012

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Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) OH suppression is capable of greatly reducing the bright sky background seen by near infrared spectrographs. By filtering out the airglow emission lines at high resolution before the light enters the spectrograph this technique prevents scattering from the emission lines into interline regions, thereby reducing the background at all wavelengths. In order to take full advantage of this sky background reduction the spectrograph must have very low instrumental backgrounds so that it remains sky noise limited. Both simulations and real world experience with the prototype GNOSIS system show that existing spectrographs, designed for higher sky background levels, will be unable to fully exploit the sky background reduction. We therefore propose PRAXIS, a spectrograph optimised specifically for this purpose.The PRAXIS concept is a fibre fed, fully cryogenic, fixed format spectrograph for the J and H-bands. Dark current will be minimised by using the best of the latest generation of NIR detectors while thermal backgrounds will be reduced by the use of a cryogenic fibre slit. Optimised spectral formats and the use of high throughput volume phase holographic gratings will further enhance sensitivity. Our proposal is for a modular system, incorporating exchangeable fore-optics units, integral field units and OH suppression units, to allow PRAXIS to operate as a visitor instrument on any large telescope and enable new developments in FBG OH suppression to be incorporated as they become available. As a high performance fibre fed spectrograph PRAXIS could also serve as a testbed for other astrophotonic technologies.

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“…Each input wavelength has a unique fringe representation, which is the basis of the Fourier-transform relation between the input spectra and the output interferogram. Employing multiple input waveguides in the waveguide SHS is an important advantage over the existing AWG-type spectrometer, since it greatly increases the light-capturing capability in proportion to the number of MZIs by using, for example, photonic lantern technology [27]. A photonic lantern is a device that efficiently converts light from a multimode fiber tip for light capturing to single-mode fibers connected to MZI input waveguides.…”

Section: Planar Ft Spectrometermentioning

confidence: 99%