Multi-objective Optimization Aiming to Minimize the Number of Power Quality Monitors and Multiple Fault Estimations in Unbalanced Power Distribution Systems

Power Quality Monitors Displacement Based on Voltage Sags Propagation Mechanism and Grid Reliability Indexes

“…The interconnection (possibly strong statistical correlation) between various reliability indexes and voltage sags should be expected (hypothesis)-in a similar manner to underground cables: according to the 5th Benchmarking Report [48] (pp. [39][40], which is also cited by the 7th [50] (p. 112), the correlation between total SAIDI (planned plus unplanned including exceptional events) and the percentage of underground cables in MV grids is 0.6 (and higher than 0.8 without Austria, Estonia, Finland, Poland, and Spain, i.e., with the data of 13 countries). The SAIDI calculation method along with other common indexes (SAIFI, MAIFI) are defined by IEEE Std 1366-2022 [52], and the duration (and, respectively consequences) after the sag/interruption depends on the settings and latency of protective relays and automation, in particular the undervoltage relay, automatic circuit recloser (ACR) and automatic transfer switch.…”

“…However, it is known a priori that the implementation of the above-mentioned task will not solve the fundamental economic problem to an adequate degree, i.e., will not The works can be strictly classified into theoretical and practical [5]. This paper belongs to the group of practical works; and for its scope, the most important papers to cite are [15,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], i.e., those which are in the overlapping area of the Venn diagram (Figure 1). The theoretical papers [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] validate their approaches on test systems (IEEE schemes are the most commonly used; the Brazilian, CIGRÉ, and EPRI schemes are used occasionally), meanwhile in the practical studies [14,15,[43][44][45], PQ monitoring campaigns are immediately begun without posterior self-reflection and criticism.…”

“…div 𝐅| x 0 ≜ lim 𝑉→0 , (39) where 𝐅-the continuously differentiable vector field composed of 𝐹 𝑥 , 𝐹 𝑦 , and 𝐹 𝑧 ; 𝑉- Another field operator-curl (also known as a rotor)-could also be useful as a supplementary parameter in the gray cells of the topological extension (see Figure 80). It can show whether the electric current flow forms a closed loop (circulation), which can also be important for the prediction of voltage sag behavior.…”

“…This paper belongs to the group of practical works; and for its scope, the most important papers to cite are [15,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], i.e., those which are in the overlapping area of the Venn diagram (Figure 1). The theoretical papers [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] validate their approaches on test systems (IEEE schemes are the most commonly used; the Brazilian, CIGRÉ, and EPRI schemes are used occasionally), meanwhile in the practical studies [14,15,[43][44][45], PQ monitoring campaigns are immediately begun without posterior self-reflection and criticism. The approaches of practical papers are significantly simpler than those of the theoretical papers; on the other hand, theoretical simulations are very limited and are not well prepared for implementation in practice.…”

Grid Nodes Selection Strategies for Power Quality Monitoring

“…In [16] (2019) and [17] (2021), the aim is to avoid the multiple estimation problem when impedance-based fault locators estimate fault location distance. If monitors' positions have been determined inappropriately, "fault can be observed but not necessarily identified".…”