“…The 3D bin packing problem is a classical optimization problem in logistics and manufacturing, where a set of three-dimensional items needs to be packed into a minimum number of containers subject to certain constraints. The problem is known to be NP-hard, and finding an optimal solution is computationally challenging, especially for large problem instances 1 – 3 . Over the years, various optimization algorithms have been proposed to tackle this problem, including genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing, ant colony optimization, and particle swarm optimization.…”