“…Among the EMOAs are the genetic algorithm (GA) by Mohan 18 , harmony search (HS) by Kim et al 17 and by Geem et al 19 , the ant colony algorithm (ACA) by Zhan and Xu 20 , the gray-encoded accelerating genetic algorithm (GEAGA) by Chen and Yang 21 , particle swarm optimization (PSO) by Chu and Chang 22 , the immune clonal selection algorithm (ICSA) by Luo and Xie 23 , the parameter setting free harmony search (PSF-HS) algorithm by Geem 8 , the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) by Tahershamsi and Sheikholeslami 24 , multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) by Azadnia and Zahraie 25 , differential evolution (DE) by Xu et al 26 , a combination of the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and hybrid harmony search algorithm (HHSA) by Karahan et al 27 , modified honey-bee mating optimization (MHBMO) algorithm by Niazkar and Afzali 28 , the backtracking search algorithm (BSA) by Yuan et al 29 , Weed Optimization Algorithm (WOA) for extended nonlinear Muskingum model by Hamedi et al 30 , PSO for a new form of Muskingum (four-parameter Muskingum model proposed by Easa 31 ) by Moghaddam et al 32 , modified PSO by Norouzi and Bazargan 33 , hybrid modified honey-bee mating (HMHBM) algorithm by Niazkar and Afzali 34 , bat algorithm (BA) by Farzin et al 35 , wolf pack algorithm (WPA) by Bai et al 36 , shark algorithm (SA) by Farahani et al 37 . These and other algorithms have been previously applied to estimate the three parameters of the nonlinear form of the Muskingum parameters ( , , and m ).…”