Multi-objective resilience enhancement program in smart grids during extreme weather conditions

Analytical reliability evaluation method of smart micro‐grids considering the cyber failures and information transmission system faults

“…Finally, the loss of energy (LOE) and reliability indices, such as expected energy not supplied (EENS) and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), could be evaluated using ( 33)-( 36) by the proposed analytical method. Furthermore, it is necessary to be concerned about other technical constraints besides the power balance condition [87].…”

“…Finally, the loss of energy (LOE) and reliability indices, such as expected energy not supplied (EENS) and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), could be evaluated using (33)–(36) by the proposed analytical method. Furthermore, it is necessary to be concerned about other technical constraints besides the power balance condition [87]. $$\begin{equation}\Delta L{G}_l = ES_l^{load} - \sum_{g = 1}^G {\left( {ES_{g,l}^{DG} \times PC_{g,l}^{DG}} \right)} - ES_l^{ESS}\end{equation}$$ $$\begin{equation}LO{E}_l = Max\left\{ {0,\Delta L{G}_l} \right\}\end{equation}$$ $$\begin{equation}EENS = \sum_{l = 1}^{{N}_{MGS}} {\left( {LO{E}_l \times \Pr _l^{MGS}} \right)} \end{equation}$$ $$\begin{equation}SAIDI = \frac{{EENS}}{{{{\bar{P}}}_{load}}}\end{equation}$$In Figure 3, the flowchart of the proposed reliability evaluation method for SMGs considering the failures in the cyber layer and ITEs is shown.…”

An overview of the assessment metrics of the concept of resilience in electrical grids

“…Factor Phase Description suitable for use in rare events and resilience assessments. 9,10,38,62 Basically, resilience focuses on the failure results and further examines the performance of the system before, during, and after an event. 68 • Moreover, reliability metrics, such as SAIDI, SAIFI, and CAIDI, due to their average-taking nature, cannot have the required efficiency in assessing the resilience associated with events with low repetition rates but large effects.…”

“…In References 36‐38, each of the factors provided in rows one to four of Table 4 has been introduced as a metric for resilience assessment and their aggregation has been considered in the fifth factor that calculates the trapezoidal area. It can be said that the study is relatively comprehensive considering that it includes all related items including “speed and rate of decline,” “time of grid decline retention,” and “speed of recovery” in the resilience assessment.…”

“…The use of reliability metrics to assess the resilience is not desirable due to the following and thus, it is less commonly used: In general, reliability measurement metrics used in the study of common interruptions in an electrical grid usually measure EENS and emphasize on time intervals and repetition of interruptions. Therefore, they are not effective and suitable for use in rare events and resilience assessments 9,10,38,62 . Basically, resilience focuses on the failure results and further examines the performance of the system before, during, and after an event 68 …”