Multi-Omic Analysis ofTyrophagus putrescentiaeReveals Insights into the Allergen Complexity of Storage Mites

Abstract

BackgroundThe storage miteTyrophagus putrescentiaeis one of the major mites causing allergies in Chinese and Korean populations, but its allergen profile in incomplete when compared with that of house dust mites. Multiple genome-based methods have been introduced into the allergen study of mites and have enabled a better understanding of these medically important organisms.ObjectiveWe sought to reveal a comprehensive allergen profile ofTyrophagus putrescentiaeand advance the allergen study of storage mites.MethodsBased on a high-quality assembled and annotated genome, anin silicoanalysis was performed by searching reference sequences to identify allergens. Immunoassay ELISA assessed the allergenicities of recombinant proteins. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identified the IgE-binding proteins. Comparative genomics analysis was employed for the important allergen gene families.ResultsA complete allergen profile ofTyrophagus putrescentiaewas revealed, including thirty-seven allergen groups (up to Tyr p 42). Among them, five novel allergens were verified using the sera of allergy patients. Massive allergen homologs were identified as the result of gene duplications in genome evolution. Proteomic identification again revealed a wide range of allergen homologs. In the NPC2 family and GSTs, comparative analysis shed light on the expansion and diversification of the allergen groups.ConclusionUsing multi-omic approaches, the comprehensive allergen profile including massive homologs was disclosed inTyrophagus putrescentiae, which revealed the allergen complexity of the storage mite and could ultimately facilitate the component-resolved diagnosis.

Genomic Analysis ofBlomia tropicalisIdentifies Novel Allergens for Component-Resolved Diagnosis of Mite Allergy

“…The high gene expression of the group 13 allergen was similarly found in the storage mite Tyrophagus ( T .) putrescentiae 14 . The relatively high expression levels of the group 5 and 21 allergens may explain why they are major allergens of B. tropicalis but not the other mites.…”

“…S2). Along with groups 22 and 35, group 2 allergens of mites belong to the Niemann-Pick protein type C2 (NPC2) family and have been well analyzed 14 .…”

“…Unlike D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and P. ovis , the two G5/21 genes of B. tropicalis are located on the same strand. For T. putrescentiae , four tandemly arrayed G5/21 genes, including a dimer gene TP_014182.02, were identified 14 . Both group 5 and 21 allergens were highly expressed in B. tropicalis (Fig.…”

“…Both group 5 and 21 allergens were highly expressed in B. tropicalis (Fig. 1A) but expressed at low levels in T. putrescentiae 14 . We suggest that group 5 and 21 allergens of mites are homologous genes that originated from an ancestral gene.…”

“…S2). Along with groups 22 and 35, group 2 allergens of mites belong to the Niemann-Pick protein type C2 (NPC2) family and have been well analyzed 14 . Group 3, 6 and 9 allergens are all members of the serine protease family 5 , in which massive tandem gene duplications of B. tropicalis occurred 11 .…”