“…In the present study, a dozen of V-type H + -transporting ATPase genes (EVM0006836/ vha-1 , EVM0002567/ vha-3 , EVM0005735/ vha-4 , EVM0007934/ vha-5 , EVM0008894/ vha-5 , EVM0000966/ vha-7 , EVM0001861/ vha-8 , EVM0014072/ vha-12 , EVM0014618/ vha-13 , EVM0014647/ vha-15 , EVM0015095/ vha-16 , and EVM0006795/ vha-19 ) were significantly up-regulated under hyposaline condition ( Supplementary Figure 4 ). The upregulation of these genes was also reported in other marine invertebrates, including the mud crab Scylla paramamosain ( Niu et al, 2020 ) and the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei ( Wang et al, 2012 ), indicating their conserved function in response to low salinity stress among marine invertebrates. On the other hand, a battery of ion channel and transporter genes such as potassium channel genes (EVM0012374/ twk-24 , EVM0015790/ shw-3 , EVM0004766/ kcnl-3 , and EVM0004207/ kcnl-2 ), sodium channel genes (EVM0009270/ egas-2 and EVM0008949/ nhx-8 ), cyclic nucleotide gated channel gene (EVM0006320/ tax-4 ), potassium/chloride transporter gene (EVM0004010/ kcc-2 ), and transient receptor potential cation channel genes (EVM0012432/ trp-1 , EVM0001337/ trp-2 , and EVM0005441/ osm-9 ) were significantly down-regulated in both stress environments ( Figure 3G ), reflecting their association with the ionic homeostasis under salinity stresses.…”