Multi-organ damage by covid-19: congestive (cardio-pulmonary) heart failure, and blood-heart barrier leakage

Abstract

is caused by a coronavirus that is also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and is generally characterized by fever, respiratory inflammation, and multi-organ failure in susceptible hosts. One of the first things during inflammation is the response by acute phase proteins coupled with coagulation. The angiotensinogen (a substrate for hypertension) is one such acute phase protein and goes on to explain an association of covid-19 with that of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2, a metallopeptidase). Therefore, it is advisable to administer, and test the efficacy of specific blocker(s) of angiotensinogen such as siRNAs or antibodies to covid-19 subjects. Covid-19 activates neutrophils, macrophages, but decreases T-helper cells activity. The metalloproteinases promote the activation of these inflammatory immune cells, therefore; we surmise that doxycycline (a metalloproteinase inhibitor, and a safer antibiotic) would benefit the covid-19 subjects. Along these lines, an anti-acid has also been suggested for mitigation of the covid-19 complications. Interestingly, there are three primary vegetables (celery, carrot, and long-squash) which are alkaline in their pH-range as compared to many others. Hence, treatment with fresh juice (without any preservative) from these vegies or the antioxidants derived from purple carrot and cabbage together with appropriate anti-coagulants may also help prevent or lessen the detrimental effects of the covid-19 pathological outcomes. These suggested remedies might be included in the list of putative interventions that are currently being investigated towards mitigating the multi-organ damage by Covid-19 during the ongoing pandemic.

Simulation of COVID-19 Symptoms in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model

“…Finally, we hypothesize about the most plausible mechanisms(s) by which SARS-CoV-2 most likely induce the visceral organ damage in the infected host. Post internalization of the SARS-CoV-2 virions via the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor, it causes a robust surge of the in ammatory markers, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and the multi-organ damage and congestive (cardiopulmonary) heart failure (CHF) [47,84]. Interestingly, the hACE2 is highly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes.…”

“…The immune system will then secret an army of potent cytokines that has been dubbed as the "cytokine storm". The cytokine storm contributes to multi-organ damage, and potentially can lead to death of the infected person [46,47]. In many people the viral infection can be asymptomatic, or the virus just causes u-like symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, and the absence of taste and/or smell [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

A Review on Measures to Rejuvenate Immune System: Natural Mode of Protection Against Coronavirus Infection

“…It is hypothesized that, in addition to humming, eating alkaline meals high in dietary nitrates, which the body can convert to NO, boosts NO expression and carbon dioxide through longer expiration, preventing coagulopathies and morbidity caused by COVID-19 ( 230 ). Fresh juice free of preservatives from the aforementioned vegetables, or antioxidants derived from purple carrot and cabbage, in combination with appropriate anti-coagulants, may help prevent or mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19 pathological outcomes, as well as mitigate multi-organ damage caused by COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic ( 231 ).…”

Immunotherapy of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following COVID-19 through mesenchymal stem cells

“…Clinical findings indicate that multi-organ damage is one of the key and most important side effect of SARS-CoV-2 [86] . Nevertheless, tissue damage in COVID19-associated MIS-C cases have been confirmed by numerous clinical observations [87] .…”