Multi-organ involvement as a pathogenetic principle of the radiation syndromes: a study involving 110 case histories documented in SEARCH and classified as the bases of haematopoietic indicators of effect

A review of radiation countermeasures focusing on injury-specific medicinals and regulatory approval status: part I. Radiation sub-syndromes, animal models and FDA-approved countermeasures

“…Often, especially in the older literature, these 'delayed effects' are referred to as 'late effects' of radiation exposures. Nevertheless, when fully expressed, these 'delayed' or 'late effects' of acute radiation exposure (often labeled currently with the acronym as 'DEARE') syndrome ultimately results in multiple organ system failure and death (Fliedner et al 2005;Satyamitra et al 2016).…”

“…Proper intestinal stem cell function is crucial for optimal GI performance (Booth et al 2012). Classification of these ARSassociated sub-syndromes represent an oversimplification of the disease process since multi-organ dysfunction plays a major role (Fliedner et al 2005;Hill 2005;Moulder & Cohen 2005).…”

Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Compounds: Promising Players in Countermeasure Strategy Against Radiological Exposure: A Review

“…Radiation-induced inflammation, an important side effect that contributes to normal tissue injury, has been reported in many species (Linard et al, 2004;Fliedner et al, 2005;Kong et al, 2005;Fleckenstein et al, 2007;Haston et al, 2007;Rodemann and Blaese, 2007;Hill et al, 2011;Multhoff and Radons, 2012;Rastogi et al, 2012;Cho et al, 2013;Fu et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2013;McCurdy et al, 2013;Moore et al, 2013;Mukherjee et al, 2014). The initial phase of radiationinduced injury is marked by the increase in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and several other members of interleukin (IL) family (Linard et al, 2004;Fliedner et al, 2005;Kong et al, 2005;Mehta, 2005;Fleckenstein et al, 2007;Haston et al, 2007;Rodemann and Blaese 2007;Jindal et al, 2009;Hei et al, 2011;Janko et al, 2012;Monceau et al, 2013). The hallmark late effect of radiation exposure in several experimental animals is fibrosis, which is often permanent (Han et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2009;Flechsig et al, 2010;Qiu et al, 2011;Gorshkova et al, 2012;Cho et al, 2013;Ding et al, 2013;Horton et al, 2013).…”

Protection against Radiation-Induced Bone Marrow and Intestinal Injuries by Cordyceps sinensis, a Chinese Herbal Medicine

“…However, the kidney can also be damaged since it is one of the most radiosensitive late-responding organs in humans, with chronic renal injuries occurring after single doses as low as 4.5-6.0 Gy (109). For example, Fliedner et al (110) reported that ''very severe'' renal injury (acute and chronic) occurred in 13 of 45 radiation accident victims who received doses high enough to cause severe hematological injury, and Maekawa (111) reported that two victims of the Tokai-mura criticality accident developed renal failure as part of their multiple organ system failure.…”