Multi-organ system involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A mega review

Abstract

Since the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, many people have been affected in different ways. The majority of infected people experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without the need for hospitalization. However, in some affected people, it may lead to catastrophic disease. The severity of COVID-19 infection is widely influenced by co-morbidities, immune system functions, and extra-pulmonary organ injuries. Since the emergence of COVID-19, multi-organ involvement has been documented. In order to implement preventative and protective measures, full attention to potential organ injuries is required. Most existing articles and review papers are focused on a specific organ system, and their numbers are growing. In this review paper, attempts were made to collect review papers and articles published on seven organ system involvements in COVID-19 infection published till 15 July and highlight conclusions and managements of all affected organs. We tried to add to the medical knowledge on COVID-19, pointing out its multi-organ system impact. Finally, we tried to facilitate access to organized information and optimum conclusion by representing review tables for each organ system. Besides, this review article can clarify and magnify the empty research space easily for future investigations.

A Pictorial Essay Describing the CT Imaging Features of COVID-19 Cases throughout the Pandemic with a Special Focus on Lung Manifestations and Extrapulmonary Vascular Abdominal Complications

“…However, with increased clinical experience and the first COVID-19 autopsies, the crucial role of vasculature damage and the hyperinflammatory state in COVID-19 pathology became clear [ 12 , 13 ]. Therefore, COVID-19 evidently involves not only the lungs but also the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems [ 14 , 15 ]. The gastrointestinal system’s role remains under investigation, with the gut microbiome possibly implicated in disease severity [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Clinical and electrocardiographic correlates of myocardial dysfunction after COVID‐19 in nonhospitalised patients in long‐term follow‐up. Data from the polish long‐covid cardiovascular study

“…Three years have passed since the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, announced by WHO in March 2020, but the long‐term effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are still scarcely understood. Initially, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was thought to be primarily associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, as the number of infected people increases, clinical evidence indicates that COVID‐19 is a multiorgan disease 1 . A particularly severe complication after suffering from coronavirus disease is damage to the cardiovascular system 2 .…”

“…however, as the number of infected people increases, clinical evidence indicates that COVID-19 is a multiorgan disease. 1 A particularly severe complication after suffering from coronavirus disease is damage to the cardiovascular system. 2 In the available literature, COVID-19-related cardiovascular disorders have been shown to include acute myocardial injury, 3 myocarditis, 4 stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo syndrome), 5 arrhythmias, 5,6 and heart failure (HF).…”

Host factor PLAC8 is required for pancreas infection by SARS-CoV-2

“…COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been associated with a wide range of symptoms and complications, affecting not only the lung but also other organs in the body including the gastrointestinal system 1 2 . Among the less studied, but potentially occurring with severe complications, is the infection of the pancreas, a gland responsible for producing hormones like insulin and digestive enzymes.…”