Postharvest quality detection and grading are important factors to improve the commercial value of fruit. The natural biological characteristics bring challenges to the rapid and non-destructive evaluation of the internal quality of fruits with large size and thick peel. A lot of studies have tried to establish a feasible technique to achieve rapid, non-destructive, and accurate detection for this kind of fruit in commercial real-time grading. This article focuses on large-sized and thick-skinned fruits and comprehensively reviews the latest technical progress in the non-destructive detection of internal quality. It can provide a valuable reference for the development of postharvest processing technology for this kind of fruit.