Multi-party semiquantum private comparison of size relationship with d-dimensional Bell states

Abstract

In this paper, we utilize d-dimensional Bell states to construct a multi-party semiquantum private comparison (MSQPC) protocol with two supervisors, which can determine the size relationship of more than two classical users’ private inputs under the control of two supervisors within one round implementation. The two supervisors, i.e., one quantum third party (TP) and one classical TP, are both semi-honest, which means that they can misbehave at their own wishes but are not permitted to conspire with anyone else. Neither quantum entanglement swapping nor unitary operations are required in the proposed MSQPC protocol. The security analysis certifies that the proposed MSQPC protocol can overcome both the outside attacks and the participant attacks.

One-way semi-quantum private comparison protocol without pre-shared keys based on unitary operations

“…In 2022, SQPC protocols based on single particle states, Bell states or GHZ states were proposed successively [32][33][34]. Ye and Lian proposed two MSQPC protocols based on d-dimensional single-particle states and d-dimensional Bell states [35,36].…”

Novel semi-quantum private comparison protocol with Bell states

“…Specifically, quantum participants possess complete quantum capability, whereas classical participants only possess restricted quantum abilities. Since then, an increasing number of semi-quantum protocols have been presented by introducing the semi-quantum concept into other quantum cryptography applications, such as SQKD [14,15], semi-quantum secret sharing [16][17][18], semi-quantum secret direct communication [19][20][21], semi-quantum private comparison (SQPC) [22][23][24][25][26][27], etc. In 2016, the first SQPC protocol was proposed by Chou et al using the entanglement swapping characteristics of Bell states [28].…”

Dynamic Multi‐Party to Multi‐Party Quantum Secret Sharing based on Bell States

“…In recent decades, the principles of quantum mechanics have been integrated into many computing fields, such as quantum communication, which has been studied by many scholars and has achieved good development. [1][2][3][4][5] Quantum communication has many branches, such as quantum key distribution (QKD), [6][7][8] quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), [9,10] quantum private comparison (QPC) [11,12] and quantum secret sharing (QSS). [13][14][15] As a fundamental aspect of quantum information science, QSS is designed to protect and disseminate sensitive information using quantum mechanics, [16] marking it as a key area in information security.…”