Multi‐Pathways for Sustainable Fuel Production from Biomass Using Zirconium‐Based Catalysts: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Numerous concerns, including environmental impact and public health issues, drive the urgent need to replace nonrenewable fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, with biomass emerging as a viable alternative globally. In this comprehensive review, the urgent need to transition from nonrenewable fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is addressed, focusing on biomass as a global alternative. It examines the role of zirconium‐based catalysts in converting biomass into biofuels and hydrogen. Various biomass extraction methods based on the thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrocracking, and steam reforming) are explored, including their merits and limitations. Additionally, the properties of zirconium‐based catalysts and their catalytic efficiency in biomass conversion are assessed, highlighting the factors influencing their performance. In this literature review, the promising potential of zirconium‐based catalysts in enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of global biofuel production from biomass is revealed. It underscores the critical role of biomass as a renewable energy source and highlights the significance of zirconium‐based catalysts in advancing sustainable biofuel production. It offers insights into addressing environmental concerns, promoting public health, and supporting the global transition toward renewable energy solutions.

Improving Edible Oilseed (Oil Palm) Health and Productivity: Integration of Sustainable Pest Management, Precision Farming, and Stakeholder Collaboration

“…Furthermore, E. guineensis oil finds extensive application in the cosmetic and personal care industry, where it is utilized in the formulation of skincare products, soaps, and detergents due to its emollient properties and ability to enhance product stability [1,5,6]. Additionally, E. guineensis oil is increasingly used as a feedstock for biofuel production, contributing to efforts aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impacts associated with conventional fuel sources [7]. In terms of global production, Indonesia and Malaysia dominate the E. guineensis industry, collectively accounting for the majority of the world's palm oil output [2,[7][8][9].…”

“…Additionally, E. guineensis oil is increasingly used as a feedstock for biofuel production, contributing to efforts aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impacts associated with conventional fuel sources [7]. In terms of global production, Indonesia and Malaysia dominate the E. guineensis industry, collectively accounting for the majority of the world's palm oil output [2,[7][8][9]. These two countries are major producers and exporters of E. guineensis oil, with vast plantations spread across their respective territories.…”