Multi-Platform Metabolomics Analyses Revealed the Complexity of Serum Metabolites in LPS-Induced Neuroinflammed Rats Treated with Clinacanthus nutans Aqueous Extract

Abstract

The use of metabolomics as a comprehensive tool in the analysis of metabolic profiles in disease progression and therapeutic intervention is rapidly advancing. Yet, a single analytical platform could not be applied to cover the entire spectrum of a biological sample’s metabolome. In the present paper, multi-platform metabolomics approaches were explored to determine the diverse rat sera metabolites extracted from intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced neuroinflammed rats treated with oral therapeutic interventions of positive drug (dextromethorphan, 5 mg/kg BW); with Clinacanthus nutans (CN) aqueous extract (CNE, 500 mg/kg BW); and with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as the control group for 14 days. Analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques, this study depicted the potential of metabolites associated with neuroinflammation and verified by MetDisease. The key observations in the perturbed metabolic pathways that showed ameliorative effects were linked to the class of amino acid and peptide metabolism involving valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism. Lipid metabolism of arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and glycosphingolipid metabolism were also affected. Current findings suggested that the putative biomarkers, especially lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and 5-diphosphomevalonic acid from glycerophospholipid and squalene/terpenoid and cholesterol biosynthesis, respectively, showed the ameliorative effects of the drug and CN treatments by controlling cell differentiation and proliferation. Our study proved that the complex and dynamic sera profiling affected during the CN treatment was greatly influenced by the analytical platform selection as integration between the two data yielded a more holistic summary of the metabolite pattern changes. Hence, an evidence-based herb, such as CN, can be used for novel diagnostic tools in the quest for ethnopharmacological studies.

Molecular and metabolic responses to immune stress in the jejunum of broiler chickens: transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis

“…In the present study we identified 182 DAMs belonging to lipids and lipid-like molecules. Also, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), arachidonic acid, prostaglandin I2 and lecithin were significantly altered in the LPS group in the present study, and our results are consistent with previous studies ( Ahmad Azam et al, 2021 ; Gao et al, 2021 ). Combined analysis showed that the “PPAR signalling pathway,” “phosphatidylinositol metabolism,” and “phosphatidylinositol signaling system” are important metabolic pathways in the jejunum.…”