“…Abdollahi et al [24] used the standard imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), Oliveira et al [25] proposed a variant of simulated annealing algorithm with fuzzy rules adaptations, Wu et al [26] used a new variant of the Social emotional optimization for solving nonlinear systems of equations. Other applications of metaheuristics for nonlinear systems include invasive weed optimization algorithm [27], polarization technique [28], cuckoo optimization algorithm [29], genetic algorithm [30][31][32], artificial bee colony algorithm [33] and multi-population parallel ICA [34] their successful applications, there also exist two main challenges for metaheuristics that are (i) maintaining balance between exploration and exploitation (ii) avoiding large computational cost. Abdollahi et al [35] highlighted that in most of the previous applications [1,[21][22][23][24][25][26]29,30,33,36,37] of metaheuristics to nonlinear systems large population sizes were used which resulted in high computation costs and slow convergence.…”