“…The initial focus was on the improvement of analytical performance (mainly sampling rate and precision) of classical analytical methods. 15,18,54 The 2 nd trend was exploitation of unconventional processes, such as incomplete derivatizations 8,32 and partial extractions (e.g., dialysis 55 or gas-diffusion), 56 whereas the 3 rd focus was on proposal of new flow modalities, such as sequential injection analysis (SIA), 57 multicommutation, 11 multipumping, 42 flow-batch analysis, 12 multisyringe flow injection analysis, 58 with some advantages and similarities. The 4 th group will probably involve the same trends highlighted in modern analytical chemistry, with emphasis on miniaturization, green chemistry, novel strategies for microextractions, chemical speciation, bioanalysis, and analytical solutions devoted to complex samples (or complex analytical problems).…”