“…When responding to sudden public safety incidents, local governments, as the main agents of governance, should implement appropriate emergency policies, establish real-time and transparent information platforms, and coordinate suppliers, voluntary departments, administrative departments, and medical institutions to ensure effective collaboration among stakeholders [51]. Evaluation criteria for assessing the arrangement of reserve and supply contracts among local governments, suppliers, and non-profit organizations should include factors such as government subsidies [7,52], penalty severity for default [37,52], emergency response time [46], and inventory carrying costs [7,18,23]. Additionally, optimal solutions for the issue as to which party, suppliers, or local governments should store rescue materials in contracts have been explored, and indicators, such as government subsidies, production equipment holding costs, inventory holding costs, labor costs, production processing time, and material scrap recycling fees, have been considered in the formulation of contract frameworks that promote cooperation between rescue organizations and the private sector [30,46].…”