Multi-Residue Determination of Eight Anabolic Steroids by GC-MS in Muscle Tissues from Pigs

Zeng, Dongping; Lin, Cuiping; Zeng, Zhenling; Huang, Xianhui; He, Limin

doi:10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60098-5

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, MT in feed and its metabolite residues in meat can contribute to a series of adverse effects, therefore, several methods have been developed for the detection of MT residues. The most common detection methods are based on chromatography, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 10 , 11 ], liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) [ 12 ], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 13 , 14 ] and LC-MS/MS [ 15 , 16 ]. These methods are both specific and sensitive, but they require tedious sample preparation, complicated spectral analyses, and trained operators, making these methods unsuitable for field detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Kong

Song

Peng

et al. 2015

Sensors

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An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) and an immunochromatographic strip assay using a highly specific monoclonal antibody, were developed to detect methyltestosterone (MT) residues in animal feed. The optimized icELISA had a half-inhibition concentration value of 0.26 ng/mL and a limit of detection value of 0.045 ng/mL. There was no cross-reactivity with eight analogues, revealing high specificity for MT. Based on icELISA results, the recovery rate of MT in animal feed was 82.4%–100.6%. The results were in accordance with those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The developed immunochromatographic strip assay, as the first report for MT detection, had a visual cut-off value of 1 ng/mL in PBS, 2.5 ng/g in fish feed, and 2.5 ng/g in pig feed. Therefore, these immunoassays are useful and fast tools for MT residue detection in animal feed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Kong

Song

Peng

et al. 2015

Sensors

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“…Negative reference hair samples were obtained from 20 strictly non-treated veals from three livestock located in Piedmont (Italy). Hair samples were equally distributed between males (9) and females (11). All veals were younger than 3.5 months at the moment of sample collection.…”

Section: Negative Reference Hair Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…β 2 ‐agonists are occasionally abused in combination with anabolic steroids to enhance further the protein storage and increase the muscle size. Due to their toxic and carcinogenic properties, the non‐therapeutic use of both anabolic steroids and β 2 ‐agonists has been forbidden in the European Union. Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies β 2 ‐agonists and anabolic steroids into group A of Annex I—substances having an anabolic effect and unauthorized substances…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC‐MS/MS method for determination of β₂‐agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair

et al. 2014

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β(2) -agonists are often abused in cattle breeding because of their effects on animal growth and meat properties. The use of β(2) -agonists as growth promoters is forbidden in the European Union (Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies them into group A of Annex I), due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, as for anabolic steroids, which are often administered in combination with β(2) -agonists, to promote the storage of proteins and increase muscle size. A unique confirmatory liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative detection of 13 β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids plus the qualitative identification of other three analytes in bovine hair was developed and validated, according to Decision 2002/657/CE. Hair samples were washed with dichloromethane, digested within a NaOH solution and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The absence of matrix interferents, together with good repeatability of both retention times and relative abundances of diagnostic transitions, allowed the correct identification of all analytes. The quantitative calibrations obtained from spiked blank hair samples proved linear in the range tested. CCα and CCβ ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 30 ng/g. Intralaboratory reproducibility (CV%) ranged between 5.0 and 17.7 and trueness between 96% ± 7% and 105% ± 8%. The applicability of the method to real positive samples was demonstrated for both β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids. 17α-boldenone was found in most (70%) hair samples obtained from untreated animals, supporting the hypothesis of endogenous production of this steroid.

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“…Several important methods and techniques are currently used for the detection of 17α-methyltestosterone in biological fluids and tissues. Physical methods presently available are High resolution orbitrap MS (Vanhaecke et al, 2013), LC-MS (Gonzalo-Lumbreras & Izquierdo-Hornillos, 2003), LC-MS/MS (Chu et al, 2006;Kaklamanos et al, 2007) LC-MS combined with online turbulent flow extraction (Du Shin et al, 2017), LC-HRMS (Tudela et al, 2015); HPLC (Cravedi & Delous, 1991;Han et al, 2012;Marwah et al, 2005;Shi et al, 2008), HPLC-MS/MS (Regal et al, 2010), Ultra-HPLC with Orbitrap-high resolution MS (López-García et al, 2018); HPLC combined with RIA (Daeseleire et al, 1991), HPLC-UV (Li et al, 2020), GC-MS (Bi & Massé, 1992;Shinohara et al, 1985;Zakhari et al, 1991;Zeng et al, 2010), GC-MS/MS (Wong et al, 2017), GCMS-MIPFs-OCDD-LVI (Zhong et al, 2013), Gas chromatography microchip APPI-MS/MS (Hintikka et al, 2013), hollow fiber solvent-stir bar micro extraction (HF-SSBME) device (Liu et al, 2012); SFE-SPE combined with GC-MS (Stolker et al, 1999); New mixed surfactant MEKC method (Zhang et al, 2009); Fluorescence modulation method (Haynes & Levine, 2020), Arrayed based sensing (Gill et al, 2019) and Thin layer chromatography (Musharraf et al, 2017) for the analysis of 17αmethyltestosterone. Immunological methods such as RIA (Hampl et al, 1978), CLIA (Van Peteghem et al, 1989); (Jansen et al, 1985;Xie et al, 2005), ELISA (H. Gao et al, 2021;Huml et al, 2020;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homologous ELISA for detection of 17α-methyltestosterone in serum

Verma,

Shrivastav,

Thakur

2022

ijhs

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17 α Methyl testosterone is a synthetic steroid hormone having androgenic properties. It is used in aquaculture, medical treatments, in sports as doping drugs, in improving food efficacy but its residue in meat and their products can cause risk to the human, animals and environment. In this article, we have focused on developing homologous ELISA using 17α Methyl testosterone-3-Carboxymethyloxime-Bovine serum albumin antiserum and 17α Methyl testosterone-3-Carboxymethyloxime-Horseradish peroxidase enzyme conjugate. Immunogen and enzyme conjugate both were prepared by N-hydroxysuccinimide mediated carbodiimide reaction method. The sensitivity, affinity and ED50 of the assay were found to be 0.11 ng/ml, 0.02x10-8 L/mol and 5.78 ng/ml respectively. The cross reactivity for this assay combination was seen with eight steroids out of 59 structurally related steroids. The assay was then studied for analytical variables like recovery (94.8%-111.6%), precision (Inter and Intra-assay coefficient of variation less than 10%), correlation (R2= 0.96) by comparing with commercially available kit and further validated by measuring levels of 17α methyltestosterone in rat serum after injecting rats intramuscularly.

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Multi-Residue Determination of Eight Anabolic Steroids by GC-MS in Muscle Tissues from Pigs

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC‐MS/MS method for determination of β₂‐agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair

Homologous ELISA for detection of 17α-methyltestosterone in serum

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Multi-Residue Determination of Eight Anabolic Steroids by GC-MS in Muscle Tissues from Pigs

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Sensitive, Fast, and Specific Immunoassays for Methyltestosterone Detection

Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC‐MS/MS method for determination of β2‐agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair

Homologous ELISA for detection of 17α-methyltestosterone in serum

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Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC‐MS/MS method for determination of β₂‐agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair