Multi‐residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk

Abstract

The prevalent use of antibiotics, e. g. sulphonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, etc., in dairy farming to prevent and treat microbial infections e. g. mastitis, can be a potential source of veterinary drug residues in milk. Antibiotic residues constitute a risk to human health, since they can cause allergic reactions in hypersensitive individuals or they may lead to the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria. Analysis of these residues plays a key role in ensuring food safety. Regulatory agencies in the European Union and in other countries have established maximum residue limits and requirements concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of the results. This review describes the state of the art in the analytical strategies concerning the multi-class as well as the multi-residue analysis of antibiotics in milk. Since milk is a complex matrix due to its high protein and fat content, which often interfere in analytical procedures, special focus has been placed on sample preparation: extraction and clean-up. Confirmation of antibiotic residues according to European Decision 657/2002/EC has been also discussed.

Necessary Usage of Antibiotics in Animals

“…The adverse effects on human health may include the risk of chemical poisoning [51,52], hypersensitivity reaction, especially with penicillin [53,54], liver injuries [55], disruption in the normal intestinal flora [56] and occurrence of antibiotic resistance [54,57]. The adverse effects of exposure to veterinary antibiotic residues in food is very difficult to trace, because bacterial resistance could take very long period of time.…”

Management of Alternaria Leaf Blight of Bottle Gourd in Western Rajasthan, India

“…Running effective monitoring program requires specific, sensitive and reliable analytical methods that can detect all drug residues below regulated levels. The overall objective is to develop and validate multi residue methods in order to support the implementation of both existing as well as future regulations in the area of food control (Samanidou et al, 2008).…”

Survey of pyrethroid, macrocyclic lactone and antibacterial residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil

“…Although these screening methods (i.e. immunological or microbial inhibition assays) are widely used to detect the presence of veterinary drugs in foods, more accurate chromatographic methods coupled with highly specific and sensible detection systems, such as tandem mass spectrometry, are required to identify, confirm the presence of and quantify these compounds (Molina et al 2003, Samanidou & Nisyriou 2008, Toaldo et al 2012) because they provide full or complementary information enabling the unequivocal identification and quantification of the analyte at levels of interest (Samanidou & Nisyriou 2008).…”