Multi-Road User Simulation: Methodological Considerations from Study Planning to Data Analysis

Muehlbacher, Dominik; Preuk, Katharina; Lehsing, Christian; Will, Sebastian; Dotzauer, Mandy

doi:10.1007/978-3-658-15418-9_23

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…One challenge in conducting a multi-agent simulation is to induce the interaction in a controlled manner [9]. In the case that the interaction does not occur in the simulation, there is no added benefit of multi-agent simulation [8]. The following possibilities to realize the participants' coordination were used to avoid the insufficiently synchronized encounters of several participants.…”

Section: Implementation Of Multi-agent Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-Vehicle Simulation in Urban Automated Driving: Technical Implementation and Added Benefit

et al. 2020

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This article investigates the simultaneous interaction between an automated vehicle (AV) and its passenger, and between the same AV and a human driver of another vehicle. For this purpose, we have implemented a multi-vehicle simulation consisting of two driving simulators, one for the AV and one for the manual vehicle. The considered scenario is a road bottleneck with a double-parked vehicle either on one side of the road or on both sides of the road where an AV and a simultaneously oncoming human driver negotiate the right of way. The AV communicates to its passenger via the internal automation human–machine interface (HMI) and it concurrently displays the right of way to the human driver via an external HMI. In addition to the regular encounters, this paper analyzes the effect of an automation failure, where the AV first communicates to yield the right of way and then changes its strategy and passes through the bottleneck first despite oncoming traffic. The research questions the study aims to answer are what methods should be used for the implementation of multi-vehicle simulations with one AV, and if there is an added benefit of this multi-vehicle simulation compared to single-driver simulator studies. The results show an acceptable synchronicity for using traffic lights as basic synchronization and a distance control as the detail synchronization method. The participants had similar passing times in the multi-vehicle simulation compared to a previously conducted single-driver simulation. Moreover, there was a lower crash rate in the multi-vehicle simulation during the automation failure. Concluding the results, the proposed method seems to be an appropriate solution to implement multi-vehicle simulation with one AV. Additionally, multi-vehicle simulation offers a benefit if more than one human affects the interaction within a scenario.

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Section: Implementation Of Multi-agent Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to investigations with fixed programmed road users, multi-vehicle simulations should generate a more realistic driving behavior [8]. With regard to partially automated driving, there may be an added benefit, especially when the passenger of the AV has to take over vehicle guidance again.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Vehicle Simulation in Urban Automated Driving: Technical Implementation and Added Benefit

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, there have been many studies (Banducci et al, 2016;Brisan, Vasiu, & Munteanu, 2013;Dommes, Cavallo, Dubuisson, Tournier, & Vienne, 2014;Farooq et al, 2018;Ye, Xiao, & Yang, 2017) that made use of virtual environments due to their attractive features of being controlled for specific design scenarios and pose no risk to participants. Muehlbacher et al studied the benefits and challenges of multi-road user VR simulations compared to single driver simulations, and at the end recommended the case where the multi road user simulation was appropriate (Muehlbacher, Preuk, Lehsing, Will, & Dotzauer, 2018). Although laboratory studies may not be completely representative of the real world, it is the closest environment where participants can relate to without being positioned in an unsafe real world situation, and therefore, they provide the most reliable alternative for these studies (Holland & Hill, 2010).…”

Section: Past Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of smartphone distraction on pedestrians’ crossing behaviour: An application of head-mounted immersive virtual reality

Sobhani

Farooq

2018

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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A novel head-mounted virtual immersive/interactive reality environment (VIRE) is utilized to evaluate the behaviour of participants in three pedestrian road crossing conditions while 1) not distracted, 2) distracted with a smartphone, and 3) distracted with a smartphone with a virtually implemented safety measure on the road. Forty-two volunteers participated in our research who completed thirty successful (complete crossing) trials in blocks of ten trials for each crossing condition. For the two distracted conditions, pedestrians are engaged in a maze-solving game on a virtual smartphone, while at the same time checking the traffic for a safe crossing gap. For the proposed safety measure, smart flashing and color changing LED lights are simulated on the crosswalk to warn the distracted pedestrian who initiates crossing. Surrogate safety measures as well as speed information and distraction attributes such as direction and orientation of participant's head were collected and evaluated by employing a Multinomial Logit (MNL) model. Results from the model indicate that females have more dangerous crossing behaviour especially in distracted conditions; however, the smart LED treatment reduces this negative impact. Moreover, the number of times and the percentage of duration the head was facing the smartphone during a trial and a waiting time respectively increase the possibility of unsafe crossings; though, the proposed treatment reduces the safety crossing rate. Hence, our study shows that the smart LED light safety treatment indeed improves the safety of distracted pedestrians and enhances the successful crossing rate.

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“…This method has successfully been used in different combinations in prior studies investigating mutual behavior adaption processes (i.e. social interaction) among different types of normally-sighted road users for example pedestrians, motorcycles and vehicles, (Hancock & de Ridder, 2003;Lehsing, Benz, & Bengler, 2016;Lehsing, Kracke, & Bengler, 2015;Mühlbacher, Preuk, Lehsing, Will, & Dotzauer, 2017;. The behavior adaption between two individuals takes time; hence, a time series analysis approach was used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of simulated mild vision loss on gaze, driving and interaction behaviors in pedestrian crossing situations

Lehsing

Ruch

Kölsch

et al. 2019

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Purpose.-Interaction is the process of behavior adaption between two or more participants primarily based on what they visually perceive. It is an important aspect of traffic participation and supports a safe and efficient flow of traffic. However, prior driving simulator studies investigating the effects of vision impairment have typically used pre-programmed pedestrians that did not interact with the human driver. In the current study we used a linked pedestrian and driving simulator setting to increase the ecological validity of the experimental paradigm. We evaluated the effects of mild vision loss on interactions between drivers and human-controlled, interactive pedestrians compared to preprogrammed, non-interactive pedestrians.

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Multi-Road User Simulation: Methodological Considerations from Study Planning to Data Analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Multi-Vehicle Simulation in Urban Automated Driving: Technical Implementation and Added Benefit

Multi-Vehicle Simulation in Urban Automated Driving: Technical Implementation and Added Benefit

Impact of smartphone distraction on pedestrians’ crossing behaviour: An application of head-mounted immersive virtual reality

Effects of simulated mild vision loss on gaze, driving and interaction behaviors in pedestrian crossing situations

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