“…As shown in Figure 8, 𝑣𝑒 4 joins all three coalitions at the same time, 𝑣𝑒 1 , 𝑣𝑒 2 and 𝑣𝑒 6 take part in two coalitions at once, and 𝑣𝑒 3 and 𝑣𝑒 5 just participate in one coalition. Each organization decides how to allocate its resources to carry out multiple different project tasks in a way that increases the efficiency and makes higher income (Mousavi et al, 2019;Rauniyar & Muhuri, 2020). In such an environment, OCF plays a pivotal role in task-oriented domains in which some agents sometimes have temporal constraints and several different types of scarce resources.…”