Multi-scale elastic behavior of cold sprayed refractory metal from splat to bulk deposit by integrated experimental and modeling approach

Additive manufacturing of refractory metals and carbides for extreme environments: an overview

“…These phenomena form highly refined and elongated grain structure at the inter-splat jetting regions as shown in Figure 4(d) and equiaxed ultrafine nano-grains nested within them as shown in Figure 4(e). 91 Tantalum produced by the cold spray method shows high strength, attributed to the formation of ultrafine grains and elongated coarse grains. Specifically, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of cold-sprayed Ta reaches approximately 485 MPa, surpassing values reported for EBM tantalum at 205 MPa and powder metallurgy-produced tantalum at approximately 310 MPa.…”

“…[93][94][95] This property is especially crucial for refractory metals used in high-performance applications such as aerospace, nuclear energy and defence, as corrosion can compromise the integrity of the part and potentially lead to catastrophic failures. [103][104][105] Refractory metals like titanium formed by cold spray technique showed good corrosion resistance 90,91 ).…”

“…90 This technique has been shown to form highly dense and hard deposits due to plastic deformation induced strengthening. 91 Studies to understand the bonding mechanism, deposition characteristics, effect of process parameters and heat treatment have been conducted to further advance the field. 92–98 The deposits in cold spray are formed by building blocks known as splats as shown in Figure 4(b) and (c).…”

“…These phenomena form highly refined and elongated grain structure at the inter-splat jetting regions as shown in Figure 4(d) and equiaxed ultrafine nano-grains nested within them as shown in Figure 4(e). 91…”

“…(d, e) Extensive plastic deformation at the inter-splat jetting regions showing dynamic recovery, with (d) elongated subgrains and (e) nested equiaxed nano-grains. (The figure composition is adopted from Refs 90,91. ).…”