Multi-Scale Structures and Functional Properties of Quinoa Starch Extracted by Alkali, Wet-Milling, and Enzymatic Methods

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of starch extraction methods (alkali, wet-milling, and enzymatic) on the multi-scale structures and functional properties of quinoa starch. When the enzymatic method was compared with alkali and wet-milling, it showed higher protein content (2.39%), larger size of aggregated granules (44.1 μm), higher relative crystallinity (29.6%), scattering intensity (17.8 α.u.), absorbance ratio of 1047/1022 (0.9), single and double helical content (8.2% and 23.1%), FWHM ratio (2.1), and average molecular weight and radius of gyration (1.58 × 107 g/mol and 106.8 nm), respectively. Similarly, quinoa starch by enzymatic extraction had a higher onset (82.1 °C), peak (83.8 °C), and conclusion (86.3 °C) temperatures, as well as an enthalpy change (6.7 J/g). It further showed maximum hardness (238.8 N), gumminess (105.6 N), chewiness (80.2 N), SDS content (7.5% of raw and 4.8% of cooked), and RS content (15.5% of raw and 13.9% of cooked), whereas it contained minimum RDS content (77.1% of raw and 81.9% of cooked). The results suggest that extraction of starch by the enzymatic method could be a viable approach to retain the native structure of starch and may eventually improve the glycemic response.

Spectroscopic and Simulation Insights into the Corrosion Mechanism of Sulfite on Titanium

“…The Raman spectrometer and X-ray scattering instruments used in this work are the Renishaw Qontor inVia and an upgraded Bruker D8F model with molybdenum target, respectively. , The corresponding characterization parameters are shown in our previous studies and will not be repeated here. − The diameter and wall thickness of the capillary sample cell are 1.50 and 0.01 mm, respectively (from Charles Super Inc., US). The thermostat is in the center of the goniometer, and includes a tubular temperature control device with an accuracy of 0.5 K. The measured data are processed by WiRE and Peakfit software. , …”

“…The thermostat is in the center of the goniometer, and includes a tubular temperature control device with an accuracy of 0.5 K. The measured data are processed by WiRE and Peakfit software. 15,16 Simulation Details. The Materials Studio software is used to simulate the Na 2 SO 3 aqueous solution with a series of mass fraction at 298 K to study the geometries of ions interactions and HB networks.…”

Impact of Treatment with Superheated Steam on the Structural, Thermal, and Functional Characteristics of Quinoa Starch

“…The quinoa starch diffractograms were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer (SHIMADZU, XRD-7000) at 80 mA and 40 kV, where the step size was 0.02°, with a counting time of 2 s at 5-35°at temperature environment. [59] The diffractogram curves were further smoothed using the Savitzky-Golay algorithm and the amorphous and crystalline areas were calculated through integration using the baseline as a reference, so it was possible to quantify the relative crystallinity using Equation (1).…”

“…The annual world production of starch is estimated at about 60 million tons, which is extracted from cereals and tubers, of this total, 60% are used for the production of bakery products, soups, sauces, ice cream, sugar syrups, snacks, baby food, meat products, and beverages. The remaining 40% is used in the pharmaceutical and non‐food industry, [ 1 ] according to Zhang et al. [ 2 ] Starch is a high molecular weight carbohydrate polymer composed of glucose subunits condensed through glycosidic bonds and has the ability to provide half of the energy expended by the body to perform daily activities.…”

“…According to Junejo et al. [ 1 ] starch (≈30–70%) is the main component of Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) seeds, with small granule sizes (≈1–3 µm) and amylose content (≈0.3–27.7%), in addition, these seeds are also a useful source of protein, fat, dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenols. [ 3 ] Starch molecules contain many hydroxyl groups, making them highly hydrophilic, resulting in low water resistance and hydrophobicity, and poor mechanical properties in humid environments.…”