“…Based on different scales [ 17 ], various methods have been employed to analyze the spatial and temporal change characteristics of the PLEF, guiding land use, sustainable development, resource optimization, ecological environmental protection and sustainable urban assessment, these methods include land use dynamic attitude [ 18 ], transfer matrix [ 19 ], geological information mapping [ 20 ], standard deviation ellipse [ 21 ], center of gravity offset [ 22 ], spatial correlation [ 23 ], landscape pattern index [ 4 ], bivariate local Moran's I model, as well as the coupled coordination degree model, etc. The study covers various scales, ranging from national [ 6 ] and watershed levels [ 24 ] to provincial [ 25 ], urban cluster [ 26 ], metropolitan area [ 27 ], city [ 28 ], county [ 29 ], township [ 30 ], and administrative village levels [ 31 ].…”