Multi‐stage metamorphism by progressive accretion of continental blocks, example from the Western Hindu Kush

Abstract

Basement rocks from the Western Hindu Kush preserve evidence of multiple metamorphic and magmatic events that occurred along the boundary between the Archean–Proterozoic Afghan Central and Afghan–Tajik Blocks. To verify the different metamorphic stages or events, mineral textures and phase equilibria in metamorphic basement rocks and their age relations to magmatic episodes have been investigated. Quartzofeldspathic gneiss and migmatite with lenses of amphibolite (with assumed Proterozoic age for their metamorphism) are intruded by the Triassic Hindu Kush granitoid batholith and small Cretaceous and Oligocene granite intrusions. The age of thermal overprint (210–170 Ma) by the Triassic batholith is confirmed by new monazite data. Both Triassic and Cretaceous granitoids and surrounding basement rocks underwent subsequent metamorphism up to epidote–amphibolite facies. The degree of this metamorphism increases southward at the contact to the Kabul Block, which under‐plates the Western Hindu Kush from the south. An early Miocene age was obtained by Pb–Th analyses in thorite and huttonite, which are close or slightly younger than the Oligocene granite in this area. The Cretaceous meta‐granodiorite near the border with the Kabul Block contains xenoliths of granulite facies rocks that could come from the Neoarchean granulite facies basement of the Kabul Block. The multi‐stage metamorphic and magmatic evolution classifies the Hindu Kush mountain belt as a long‐lived suture zone that was active since the early Palaeozoic. The results of this study support the interpretation about possible relations of the Afghan Central Blocks to the southern margin of Eurasia during the evolution of Para‐ and Neotethys.

Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution in the Kurgovat‐Vanch Complex, NW Pamir

“…The dextral Vishkharv fault may represent a portion of the indent‐linked strike‐slip fault system related to the transform‐subduction system along the convex continental margin (Woodcock, 1986). Further southwest in the Hindu Kush, Triassic arc plutons and coeval high‐temperature/medium‐to‐low‐pressure metamorphism from ∼210 to 180 Ma are present again (Faisal et al., 2016; Moiny, Faryad, Čopjaková, & Jedlicka, 2020), although with little or no Permian‐Triassic accretionary complex, with Gondwanan terranes in direct contact with the Paleozoic Afghan Badakshan metamorphic terrane (the SW extension of the Kurgovat‐Vanch complex) along the Paleotethys Panjshir suture zone (Figures 1a and 1b).…”

Geology, Petrographic Characteristics and Tectonic Structure of Paleoproterozoic basement of Kabul Block (North Eastern Afghanistan), Initial Findings

“…4, the tectonic map of Afghanistan and the western Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindu Kush region is shown. [29]. (b) Tectonic map of Afghanistan -Western Himalaya -Hindu Kush region [11], [13], [26], [30], [31].…”

“…Biotite gneiss usually contains biotite, but in some parts, garnet and muscovite are also found in their composition. Quartz (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), plagioclase (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), microcline (<10%), and also biotite (<10%) are observed in the composition of theses gneisses.…”