“…In addition, there are some advanced variant algorithms, such as fruit fly optimizer with multi-population outpost mechanism (MOFOA) (Chen et al, 2020), bat algorithm based on collaborative and dynamic learning of opposite population (CDLOBA) (Yong et al, 2018), hybridizing gray wolf optimization (HGWO) (Zhu et al, 2015), oppositionbased sine cosine algorithm (OBSCA) (Abd Elaziz et al, 2017), Moth-flame optimizer with sine cosine (SMFO) (Chen C. et al, 2021), Cauchy and Gaussian sine cosine algorithm (CGSCA) (Kumar et al, 2017), modified SCA (m_SCA) (Qu et al, 2018), double adaptive random spare reinforced whale optimization algorithm (RDWOA) (Chen et al, 2019), and associative learning-based exploratory whale optimizer (BMWOA) (Heidari et al, 2020). Furthermore, they are already making their impact in many fields, such as train scheduling (Song et al, 2023), image segmentation (Hussien et al, 2022;Yu et al, 2022), feature selection (Liu Y. et al, 2022), complex optimization problem (Deng et al, 2022a), bankruptcy prediction (Zhang et al, 2021), gate resource allocation (Deng et al, 2020;Wu D. et al, 2020), multi-objective problem (Hua et al, 2021;Deng et al, 2022d), expensive optimization problems , robust optimization (He et al, 2019(He et al, , 2020, airport taxiway planning (Deng et al, 2022c), scheduling problems (Gao et al, 2020;Han et al, 2021;Wang G.-G. et al, 2022), medical diagnosis (Chen et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2017), and resource allocation (Deng et al, 2022b).…”