“…Similar observations have been made by [3,12,28,29,38], (iii) a time delay occurs in the maximum vertical displacements. Physically this indicates that the waves travel around the trench to reach the points after the trench [39]. In an experimental study carried out by Woods [12] to define screening effects of trench barrier systems, it was shown that if the trench height is increase, greater displacements occur at the points before the trench, but the displacements systematically decrease at the points after the trench in both active and passive isolation tests.…”