Multiaxis electric field sensing using slab coupled optical sensors

Perry, Daniel; Chadderdon, Spencer; Forber, R. A.; Wang, Wen C.; Selfridge, Richard H.; Schultz, Stephen M.

doi:10.1364/ao.52.001968

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the 2000s, resonant fibered structures with submillimetric sizes, such as EO racetrack resonators 98 or slabs, 99 were directly coupled to the side of polished fibers to form slab-coupled optical sensors, also opening the way to multi-axis sensing. 100 However, a cm-long encapsulation was necessary along the fiber to avoid bending in the detection zone.…”

Section: Photonic Eo Probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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The measurement of microwave electric-field (E-field) exposure is an ever-evolving subject that has recently led the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection to change its recommendations. With frequencies increasing toward terahertz (THz), stimulated by 5G deployment, the measurement specifications reveal ever more demanding challenges in terms of bandwidth (BW) and miniaturization. We propose a focus on minimally invasive E-field sensors, which are crucial for the in situ and near-field characterization of E-fields both in harsh environments such as plasmas and in the vicinity of emitters. We browse the large varieties of measurement devices, among which the electro-optic (EO) probes stand out for their potential of high BW up to THz, minimal invasiveness, and ability of vector measurements. We describe and compare the three main categories of EO sensors, from bulk systems to nanoprobes. First, we show how bulk-sensors have evolved toward attractive fibered systems that are advantageously employed in plasmas, resonance magnetic imagings chambers or for radiation-pattern imaging up to THz frequencies. Then we describe how the integration of waveguides helps to gain robustness, lateral resolution, and sensitivity. The third part is dedicated to the ultra-miniaturization of components allowing ultimate steps toward electromagnetic invisibility. This review aims at pointing out the recent evolutions over the past 10 years, with a highlight on the specificities of each photonic architecture. It also shows the way to future multi-physics and multi-arrays smart sensing platforms. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Section: Photonic Eo Probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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“…Figure 4 shows the optical electric-field direction when the light is coupled into the slab waveguide [13]. In this illustration thef direction is the propagation direction of the optical fiber, then direction is normal to the flat surface of the D-fiber, andt is perpendicular to the other two directions.…”

Section: A Electro-optic Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the x-cut EO crystal the electric field being measured is tangential to the surface, eliminating the drop in electric field [see Eq. (13)]. However, the extent of the EO crystal is small, resulting in this simplistic description being inaccurate.…”

Section: B Electric-field Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements in electric-field sensor sensitivity by exploiting a tangential field condition

et al. 2013

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This paper presents improvements to slab-coupled optical fiber sensors for electric-field sensing. The sensors are comprised of a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) crystal mounted on a D-fiber. The improvements are based on changing the crystal orientation, which enhances sensitivity due to a combined increase in the effective electro-optic coefficient and electric-field penetration into the KTP crystal. The paper provides a detailed comparison of the improved sensor, which uses x-cut KTP to the previous sensor design using z-cut KTP. The measurements show an 8.6× improvement in the sensitivity.

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“…Different types of fiber-optic-based sensors have been developed for electric field sensing due to their nonintrusive dielectric nature and compact size [1][2][3][4]. When optical-fiber-based electric field measurements are used in dynamic environments, the optical fibers are exposed to vibrational and acoustic waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Push–pull slab coupled optical sensor for measuring electric fields in a vibrational environment

et al. 2015

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Multiaxis electric field sensing using slab coupled optical sensors

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Improvements in electric-field sensor sensitivity by exploiting a tangential field condition

Push–pull slab coupled optical sensor for measuring electric fields in a vibrational environment

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