Stationary and dynamic heat and mass transfer analyses of building components are an essential part of energy efficient design of new and retrofitted buildings. Generally, a single constant thermal conductivity value is assumed for each material layer in construction components. However, the variability of thermal conductivity may depend on many factors; temperature and moisture content are among the most relevant ones. A linear temperature dependence of thermal conductivity has been found experimentally for materials made of inorganic fibers such as rockwool or fiberglass, showing lower thermal conductivities at lower temperatures. On the contrary, a nonlinear temperature dependence has been found for foamed insulation materials like polyisocyanurate, with a significant deviation from linear behavior. For this reason, thermal conductivity assumptions used in thermal calculations of construction components and in whole-building performance simulations have to be critically questioned. This study aims to evaluate how temperature affects thermal conductivity of materials in building components such as exterior walls and flat roofs in different climate conditions. Therefore, experimental conductivities measured for four common insulation materials have been used as a basis to simulate the behavior of typical construction components in three different Italian climate conditions, corresponding to the cities of Turin, Rome, and Palermo.Energies 2018, 11, 872 2 of 17 new EU economy [6] since the finance of energy efficiency can be unlocked by public and private partnership and not rely only on EU funds [7]. Considering the problem of space heating demand reduction, heat losses can be decreased by improving envelope performance with increased levels of insulation. This measure is the most effective way to drastically reduce heating demand, considering, of course, dependence on climate conditions [8]. However, in the existing building stock, this measure is much more costly than the replacement of boilers in heating systems [9,10]. Nonetheless, there are evident synergies between building envelope performance enhancement and sizing and operation of technical systems [11], even in the case of advanced energy conversion systems [12]. Following this evidence, many research efforts have been concentrated on the definition of methodologies [13] for the determination of cost-optimal levels of energy performance [13] in new and retrofitted buildings [14,15], and the impact of insulation can be extremely relevant in modelling [16]. Clearly, a reasonably robust performance estimate [17] is necessary to evaluate project feasibility. In this sense, uncertainty of energy performance represents an issue in techno-economic assessment methodologies and relevant sources of uncertainty have to be considered to limit as much as possible the "performance gap" [18], or side effects such as "re-bound" [19], "pre-bound" [20], and overheating risk [21]. These effects could potentially undermine the credibility of energy efficiency practices and...