To present final, 2-year results of a randomized trial comparing paclitaxel-coated vs uncoated balloon angioplasty following vessel preparation with ultra-high-pressure percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs). Materials and Methods: Twenty-three sites enrolled 285 subjects with dysfunctional AVFs located in the arm. Before 1:1 randomization, successful vessel preparation was achieved (full waist effacement, < 30% residual stenosis). Follow-up was clinically driven except for a 6-month office visit. Results: Ninety-six of 141 subjects in the drug-coated balloon (DCB) arm and 111 of 144 in the control arm completed the study. Target lesion primary patency (TLPP) rates for the DCB and control groups were 58% ± 4 vs 46% ± 4 (P ¼ .02) at 9 months, 44% ± 5 vs 36% ± 4 (P ¼ .04) at 12 months, 34% ± 5 vs 28% ± 4 (P ¼ .06) at 18 months, and 27% ± 4 vs 24% ± 4 (P ¼ .09) at 24 months, respectively. Mean time to TLPP event for subjects with an event was longer for DCBs (322 vs 207 d; P < .0001). Fewer interventions were needed to maintain target lesion patency in the DCB group at 9 months (P ¼ .02) but not at 12 (P ¼ .08), 18 (P ¼ .13), or 24 months (P ¼ .19). The noninferiority safety target was met at all intervals (P < .01). Mortality did not differ between groups (P ¼ .27). Post hoc analyses showed equivalent DCB effect in all subgroups. Conclusions: Two-year results demonstrate long-term safety and variable efficacy of DCB angioplasty in AVFs. ABBREVIATIONS ACPP ¼ access circuit primary patency, AVF ¼ arteriovenous fistula, AVG ¼ arteriovenous graft, CONSORT ¼ Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, DCB ¼ drug-coated balloon, ESRD ¼ end-stage renal disease, RVD ¼ reference vessel diameter, TLP ¼ target lesion patency, TLPP ¼ target lesion primary patency Improving outcomes in access maintenance percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is a highly desirable goal, given the modest outcomes afforded by standard PTA and the burgeoning cost of access creation and maintenance (1,2). Although it remains controversial whether maintenance PTA prolongs access life (3-6), maintenance PTA reduces the thrombosis rate and associated hospitalization, catheter placement, and missed dialysis sessions (7-9). In addition to