Multiclass methods for the analysis of antibiotic residues in milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: A review

Abstract

Milk is an important and beneficial food from a nutritional point of view, being an indispensable source of high quality proteins. Furthermore, it is a raw material for many dairy products, such as yoghurt, cheese, cream etc. Before reaching consumers, milk goes through production, processing and circulation. Each step involves potentially unsafe factors, such as chemical contamination that can affect milk quality. Antibiotics are widely used in veterinary medicine for dry cow therapy and mastitis treatment in lactating cows, which can cause the presence of antimicrobial residues in milk. In order to ensure consumers' safety, milk is analyzed to make sure that the fixed Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for antibiotics are not exceeded. Multiclass methods can monitor more drug classes through a single analysis, so they are faster, less time-consuming and cheaper than traditional methods (single-class); this aspect is particularly important for milk, which is a highly perishable food. Nevertheless, multiclass methods for veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs are real analytical challenges. This article reviews the major multiclass methods published for the determination of antibiotic residues in milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, with a special focus on sample preparation approaches.

Monitoring of Antibiotic Residues among Sheep Meat in Erbil City and Thermal Processing Effect on their Remnants

“…However, antibiotic residues settle in animal's tissues for different periods of time. Not only meat and other tissues harbor the antibiotic residues, but also, they can be found in milk or other dairy products from treated animals (12,32).…”

“…Therefore, residues of veterinary drugs may be present in food of animal origin even if their use is fully regulated. Indeed, such regulation is critical to ensure the proper use of veterinary drugs to protect consumers from undesirable antibiotics, and to ensure the supply of high-quality safe food products (10)(11)(12). The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in veterinary field lead to accumulation of large amounts of residues posing a serious threat to human health and economy after consuming contaminated meat tissues and organs.…”

Practical approach to develop a multi‐group screening method for detection of mycotoxins, pesticides and veterinary drugs in food

“…In negative ionization mode, all the parameters of MS analyser were the same, except the mass range (m/z 260-1,000) and the AGC target in dd-MS 2 experiment that was set at 1 × 10. 6 Mass extraction window was 10 ppm (accuracy).…”

“…For pesticides, this trend has been initiated about 20 years ago, whereas in the last 10 years, this approach has been more and more applied also in the field of veterinary drugs and mycotoxins. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The next step seems to be the optimization of multi-group procedures encompassing, for example, environmental pollutants and veterinary drugs in food at one time. The higher number of analytes (from dozens to hundreds) and the very different types of involved matrices (e.g., food of animal and vegetal origin) hamper at present the possibility that multi-group methods can also assure quantitative results that are needed to verify the product compliance with the relevant specification limits.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Extracting Media for the Chromatographic Determination of Antibiotics in Milk

“…Analytical performance is dependent to a well-developed sample preparation protocol. Sample preparation approaches have already been reviewed in the literature for the extraction and determination of antibiotics in milk samples [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], along with other food samples [ 7 , 8 ].…”