Multicolored Bismuth-Bearing Tourmaline from Lundazi, Zambia

Cation partitioning among crystallographic sites based on bond-length constraints in tourmaline-supergroup minerals

“…These elements, if enriched, are usually well below 1 wt. % -Sn 4+ up to 0.42 wt % SnO 2 (Yu and Jiang 2003), Bi 3+ up to 0.49 wt % Bi 2 O 3 (Johnson et al 1997). Although some of these are usually present only in trace amounts in tourmaline, several can accumulate in specific This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America.…”

Yellow Mn-Rich Tourmaline From The Canary Mining Area, Zambia

“…comm., 2006 Pegmatites in the Lundazi area are known for producing mica and gem-quality aquamarine, spessartine, tourmaline (green, pink, or yellow), and rose quartz. These pegmatites and their gems have been described by Thomas (1982), Patney and Tether (1988), Zgambo (1995), Johnson et al (1997), Milisenda et al (2000), and Njamu (2003). Patney and Tether (1988) defined two belts of gem-bearing pegmatites in the Lundazi District, and indicated that they are broadly synchronous with the late Pan-African Sinda Batholith (~489 million years old…”

Towards Zn-dominant Tourmaline: a Case of Zn-rich Fluor-Elbaite and Elbaite from the Julianna System at Piława Górna, Lower Silesia, SW Poland

“…Varieties atypically enriched in other elements, which do not attain the status of the dominant component in any structural site in any tourmaline species, are also occasionally found. For example, apart from the relatively common (Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Al 3+ , Al 3+ +Li + , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ or V 3+ )-dominant tourmalines, there are also known crystals enriched in Ti 4+ (up to 4.07 wt.% TiO2; [3]), Sn 4+ (up to 0.42 wt.% Sn; [4]), Bi 3+ (up to 0.49 wt.% Bi2O3; [5]), Cu 2+ (up to 3.51 wt.% CuO; [6]), Ni 2+ (up to 3.96 wt.% NiO; [7]), and Zn 2+ . Other admixtures may also be present although do not attain such spectacular concentrations.…”