Multicomponent Flame Retardants

It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams

“…It is noteworthy that pure lignin is composed of functional hydroxyl groups that can be modified to improve flame retardancy and compatibility with polymer matrices [124]. Phosphorylated lignin is a typical example of combining phosphorus and a charring agent in one flame retardant [8]. Xing et al modified lignin with phosphorus for RPUFs, replacing the petroleum polyol with phosphorylated lignin [125].…”

“…Currently, efficient flame retardancy is achieved through specific solutions tailored to different kinds of polymeric materials, as they have different properties [1][2][3]. Flame retardancy is specific with respect to the flameretardant mechanisms and to the flame retardant's reactions with polymeric materials [4][5][6][7] and with other ingredients, such as additional flame retardants, fillers/fibers, additives, adjuvants, and synergists [8].…”

Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminum Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists

“…Synergism describes the behavior of two materials that create a stronger effect than the superposition of the single components . When looking at flame retardancy, synergists enhance certain modes of action that result in higher values for LOI, better UL 94 classification, or better performance in cone calorimetric measurements. , With synergists the load of flame retardant can be reduced, or better performance achieved with an equal loading. Synergism between silicon synergists and ATH has been reported for multiple systems. , One mode of action is the formation of a protective layer that can be enhanced by silicon-based synergists, for example, SiO 2 particles, − layered silicates (“nano clay”), − and low melting glass. , These synergists are inert and non-toxic and do not release hazardous compounds during combustion, which makes them a perfect additive for sustainable biocomposites. , …”

“…19 When looking at flame retardancy, synergists enhance certain modes of action that result in higher values for LOI, better UL 94 classification, or better performance in cone calorimetric measurements. 20,21 With synergists the load of flame retardant can be reduced, or better performance achieved with an equal loading. Synergism between silicon synergists and ATH has been reported for multiple systems.…”