“…There are many variants about this issue: non-hub nodes may be allocated only to one hub-single allocation, Ernst [1,2], O'Kelly [3] or to several hubs-multiple allocation, Ernst [4]; the use of direct links between non-hub nodes may be allowed; the location of some (or all) hubs may be fixed; hub nodes may be allowed to be located anywhere in a continuous region-continuous hub location problems, O'Kelly [5] or may be chosen from a discrete set of places-discrete hub location problems; there may exist a constraint fixing the number of nodes that will be selected as hubs-p-hub problem, Klincewicz [6], Skorin-Kapov [7], or a fixed cost for establishing a hub may be considered; instead of choosing nodes to locate hubs, we can select the arcs connecting the non-hub nodes to hubs-hub arc location problem, Campbell [8,9]. Capacities in hub location problems may assume different aspects: there can be capacities on the hub nodes (limiting the volume of flow into the hub, Ebery [10], Ernst [11], Aykin [12] or for the total flow through the hub) as well as on the flows between hubs or between hubs and non-hubs; on other hand, a minimum flow value needed to allow service on the link between a non-hub node and a hub may exist, Lee [13], Skorin-Kapov [14]. Many different cost functions have been studied, for example, flow-dependent cost functions, O'Kelly [15]; time functions-latest arrival hub location problem, Kara [16].…”