Multidimensional locus of control in sociopolitical activists of conservative and liberal ideologies.

Levenson, Hanna; Miller, James H.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.33.2.199

“…an internal or external locus of control. However, based on the analysis of socio-political activists (an interesting form of social entrepreneur), Levenson (1974Levenson ( , 1981 and Levenson and Miller (1976) argue that one needs to distinguish external drivers of outcomes with respect to chance and powerful others. This is a critical distinction as powerful others can be influenced by social action but chance cannot.…”

Section: From a Single To A Multi-dimensional Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specifically, based on the analysis of socio-political activists (an interesting form of social entrepreneur), Levenson (1974Levenson ( , 1981 and Levenson and Miller (1976) argue that one needs to distinguish external drivers of outcomes with respect to chance (natural environment) and powerful others (social environment). This idea of distinguishing between powerful others and chance are later applied to the economic (Furnham, 1986) and entrepreneurship education context (Bonnett & Furnham, 1991).…”

Section: Distinguishing Between Others and Chance As External Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of Efficacy, Control, and Risk: A Theory of Mixed Control

Monsen¹,

Urbig²

2009

Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Erik Monsen Max Planck Institute of Economics Diemo Urbig Max Planck Institute of Economics AbstractBased on the aggregated insights of the existing theories related to multiple sources of efficacy and locus of control, we introduce the theory of mixed control, a model of compound-risk perception. This theory considers outcome expectancies as being composed of expectancies regarding three distinct sources of risk (self, others, and chance). This reflects that entrepreneurship is a complex and dynamic activity, involving multiple sources of risk. Beliefs about the efficacy of these elements are weighted by the degree to which these elements are perceived to control the outcome. The interaction of efficacy and control beliefs is therefore at the core of our theory. Further, we discuss that risks are not only subjectively perceived but can be endogenous and depend on future decisions and actions of the entrepreneur. JEL-classification: D8, D83, D84

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“…Other perspectives on the interpretations of locus of control have, however, been postulated by various authors. In this study locus of control is conceptualised according to the stance of Levenson and Miller (1976). According to this multidimensional view, an individual can be considered as having either (a) an internal locus of control, (b) an external locus of control as influenced by powerful others or (c) an external locus of control as influenced by fate or chance.…”

Section: Locus Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 The Internality, Powerful others, and Chance Scales developed by Levenson and Miller (1976) was used to operationalise the locus of control construct, a measure developed by Button et al (1996) was used to operationalise the goal-orientation construct and a sub-section of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was administered to measure the construct of academic selfefficacy. The Meta-cognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), as developed by Schraw and Dennison (1994), was utilised to operationalise the two dimensions of meta-cognition.…”

Section: Measuring Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elaboration and empirical evaluation of the De Goede learning potential structural model

Heerden

¹

,

Theron

²

2014

SAJBM

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As a direct result of having segregated amenities and public services during the Apartheid era where Black individuals were provided with services inferior to those of White individuals, the country is currently challenged by serious and a debilitating skills shortage across most industry sectors, high unemployment and poverty rates, and inequality in terms of income distribution as well as in terms of racial representation in the workforce. These challenges are the consequence of a larger problem that knowledge, skills and abilities are not uniformly distributed across all races. In the past, and still now, White South Africans had greater access to skills development and educational opportunities. It is this fundamental inequality that has to be addressed. It is argued that skills development -specifically affirmative action skills development should form part of the solution. A need therefore exists to identify the individuals who would gain maximum benefit from such affirmative action skills development opportunities and to create the conditions that would optimise learning performance. To achieve this, an understanding is required of the complex nomological network of latent variables that determine learning performance. De Goede (2007) proposed and tested a learning potential structural model based on the work of Taylor (1994). The primary objective of this study was to expand on De Goede's (2007) learning potential structural model in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complexity underlying learning performance. A subset of the hypothesised expanded learning potential structural model was empirically evaluated. The first analysis of the structural model failed to produce a good fit to the data. The model was subsequently modified by both adding additional paths and by removing insignificant paths. The final revised structural model was found to fit the data well. All paths contained in the final model were empirically corroborated. The practical implications of the learning potential structural model on HR and organisations are discussed. Suggestions for future research are made by indicating how the model can be further elaborated. The limitations of the study are also discussed.

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“…Following Rotter (1966), many researchers focus on this internal-versus-external argument (e.g., Abramson et al, 1978;Simon et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2004;Wijbenga and van Witteloostuijn, 2007). While empirical studies show a positive relationship between dispositional optimism and internal Furthermore, based on the analysis of social activists, Levenson (1974) and Levenson and Miller (1976) argue that one needs to make a distinction regarding the external factors that can affect outcomes between those that are based in chance and those that are due to powerful others. This is a critical distinction as powerful others can be influenced by social action but chance cannot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimistic, But Not in Control: Life-Orientation and the Theory of Mixed Control

Urbig,

Monsen

2009

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in OPTIMISTIC, BUT NOT IN CONTROL: LIFE-ORIENTATION AND THE THEORY OF MIXED CONTROL January 2009 Diemo Urbig Max Planck Institute of Economics Erik Monsen Max Planck Institute of Economics AbstractWhy are some people more optimistic about their life than others? Literature on locus of control suggests that optimism is associated with the belief that one's life outcomes are controlled by internal factors, such as ability, instead of external factors, such as powerful others or chance. Furthermore, some authors suggest that internal control beliefs interact with self-efficacy beliefs regarding their effects on outcome expectancies and thus optimism. We argue that it is not only selfefficacy that interacts, but efficacy beliefs about external factors, too. We further hypothesize that the effect of perceiving internal rather than external control on dispositional optimism depends on the difference between efficacy beliefs regarding internal and external factors. Since people can influence other people to be helpful, i.e., take proxy control, but are unlikely to influence chance, we extend this internal-versus-external view and suggest that the difference between perceived control by others and perceived control by chance affect dispositional optimism. In fact, we hypothesize that the effect of perceiving that it is other people who are in control, rather than chance, depends on the difference between efficacy beliefs regarding others and chance. A first empirical survey-based test produces substantial support for our theory. This is the first time control-efficacy interaction effects are shown for dispositional variables and for the threedimensional construct of locus of control. We replicate a gender effect on correlations of dispositional optimism with self-reported risk taking and observe a gender effect for one of our new hypotheses. JEL-classification: D8, D83, D84

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Multidimensional locus of control in sociopolitical activists of conservative and liberal ideologies.

Cited by 93 publications

References 27 publications

Perceptions of Efficacy, Control, and Risk: A Theory of Mixed Control

Perceptions of Efficacy, Control, and Risk: A Theory of Mixed Control

The elaboration and empirical evaluation of the De Goede learning potential structural model

Optimistic, But Not in Control: Life-Orientation and the Theory of Mixed Control

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