Multidimensional Paper Networks: A New Generation of Low-Cost Pump-Free Microfluidic Devices

Toley, Bhushan J.; Das, Debopam; Ganar, Ketan A.; Kaur, Navjot; Meena, Mithlesh; Rath, Dharitri; Sathishkumar, N.; Soni, Shruti

doi:10.1007/s41745-018-0077-1

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Several efforts have been made to model wicking flow in paper microfluidics. The Washburn equation and Darcy’s law are the two most commonly used methods. − Dharmaraja et al presented a framework for modeling wicking flow in paper networks using an electrical circuit analogy. An electrical circuit analogy was also used to model wicking through paper microfluidic shunts .…”

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confidence: 99%

Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery

Rath

Toley

2020

ACS Sens.

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Paper-based microfluidic devices are popular for their ability to automate multistep assays for chemical or biological sensing at a low cost, but the design of paper microfluidic networks has largely relied on experimental trial and error. A few mathematical models of flow through paper microfluidic devices have been developed and have succeeded in explaining experimental flow behavior. However, the reverse engineering problem of designing complex paper networks guided by appropriate mathematical models is largely unsolved. In this article, we demonstrate that a two-dimensional paper network (2DPN) designed to sequentially deliver three fluids to a test zone on the device can be computationally designed and experimentally implemented without experimental trial and error. This was accomplished by three new developments in modeling flow through paper networks: (i) coupling of the Richards equation of flow through porous media to the species transport equation, (ii) modeling flow through assemblies of multiple paper materials (test membrane and wicking pad), and (iii) incorporating limited-volume fluid sources. We demonstrate the application of this model in the optimal design of a paper-based signal-enhanced immunoassay for a malaria protein, PfHRP2. This work lays the foundation for the development of a computational design toolbox to aid in the design of paper microfluidic networks.

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confidence: 99%

Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery

Rath

Toley

2020

ACS Sens.

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“…132 Paper microfluidics possesses multiple advantages such as low cost, flexibility, biocompatibility, and bio-degradability (disposable), and liquids can be handled using capillary forces without any external pumps. 133–137 Though paper is not transparent, such substrates have been exploited for microfluidic SERS applications due to its flexibility and open structure. Due to its advantages, significant research activities have been seen in paper microfluidics for SERS applications.…”

Section: Materials and Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a win–win combination?

et al. 2022

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“…Techniques for μPAD fabrication methods and flow control have been well discussed in Toley et al. review [78].…”

Section: Lateral‐flow Immunoassays and Eμpadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Immunosensors: The Evolution from Elisa to EμPADs

et al. 2022

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Electrochemical immunosensors comprise the merging of two different disciplines: molecular biology and electrochemistry. This review explains in depth the main parts of electrochemical immunosensors and how the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been integrated into sophisticated "lab-on-a-chip" and "point-of-care" devices. It also reviews how nanotechnology has been a powerful tool for achieving lower detection limits, more signal amplification, and constructing label-free devices. It finally explores the new perspectives on electrochemical immunosensors to integrate them in novel paper microfluidic devices called EμPADs. Colleagues introducing themselves to the topic for the first time will find in this review a comprehensive revision of how the basics of the technology have given rise to the emerging topic of EμPADs.

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Multidimensional Paper Networks: A New Generation of Low-Cost Pump-Free Microfluidic Devices

Cited by 12 publications

References 176 publications

Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery

Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery

Microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a win–win combination?

Electrochemical Immunosensors: The Evolution from Elisa to EμPADs

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