“…Among them, the CO algorithm proposed by Kroo et al [24,25] is considered classic. The CO algorithm is very adaptable and deformable, which can be rapidly deployed and applied to engineering fields, such as aerospace [24,26], vehicle [27,28], engine [29], satellite [30], etc., and many new algorithms have been expanded based on the CO method, such as the introduction of uncertainty and robust into the CO method [31,32], and the combination of multi-objective optimization methods with CO [33][34][35]. However, the original CO model, setting the consistency constraint to zero at the system level, leads to convergence issues in some cases.…”