Multidrug Resistance of Uropathogens at Governmental Hospitals in the Gaza Strip/Palestine

Abstract

Urinary tract infection is a public health problem worldwide. E. coli and klebsiella are among the main etiologic for UTI in Gaza Strip. The growing variations in resistance among uropathogens to antimicrobials is multifactorial and varies globally. It greatly reduces/limits or complicate treatment option.
 Aims: To determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance among uropathogens at governmental hospitals.
 Methods: We analyzed the data of 11,890 urine samples processed in governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip, Palestine during 2019. The percentage of resistance was calculated for uropathogens, and then multidrug resistance was calculated according to “CDC” definition.
 Results: Of 11,890 urine samples, 2910 (24.5%) showed significant growth. Escherichia coli was isolated most frequently (1743; 59.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (725; 24.9%), Pseudomonas spp. (123; 4.2%), Streptococcus spp. (98; 3.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (41; 1.4%). Microorganisms resistance was high against Ampicillin (92.4%) and Amoxicillin (91.1%), Co-Trimoxazole (68.2%), Cefalexin (64.9%), Doxycycline (61.9%), Nalidixic acid (53.6%), Cefuroxime (53.0%), Ceftriaxone (48.9%), Ceftazidime (43.1%), Ciprofloxacin (36.9%), Gentamicin (25.8%), Amikacin (3.2%). The resistance of microorganisms in males is higher than females. Multidrug resistance was detected in 37% of E. coli and 53% in Klebsiella spp.
 Conclusion: Resistance is high and variable among uropathogens isolated from patients in Gaza strip. Both age and gender are risk factors in both infection and resistance pattern. The multidrug resistance percentage is growing remarkably in Gaza Strip.
 Keywords: Uropathogens, Resistance, Urinary tract infection, Multidrug resistance, Gaza strip, Palestine

Staphylococcus aureus Induced Wound Infections Which Antimicrobial Resistance, Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant: Assessment of Emergence and Cross Sectional Study

“…55–57 The incidence rates of VRSA strains are diverse all over the world: 16% in Africa, 5% in Asia, and 1% in Europe, 4% in North America, and 3% in South America. 56 The VRSA in the current investigation is much lower related to reports from other countries. 23 , 58 …”

“…54 It is clear that MRSA is a global health threat, as shown by the high rates of antimicrobial resistance reported in countries, such as Eritrea (72%), Turkey (21%), the Gaza Strip (82.3%), Iran (71.9%), and a tertiary care facility in Lahore (76%). [55][56][57] The incidence rates of VRSA strains are diverse all over the world: 16% in Africa, 5% in Asia, and 1% in Europe, 4% in North America, and 3% in South America. 56 The VRSA in the current investigation is much lower related to reports from other countries.…”

“…[55][56][57] The incidence rates of VRSA strains are diverse all over the world: 16% in Africa, 5% in Asia, and 1% in Europe, 4% in North America, and 3% in South America. 56 The VRSA in the current investigation is much lower related to reports from other countries. 23,58 S. aureus was shown to be the most common pathogen in the research, maybe because it is a typical microbiota of the skin, glands, nails, and other parts of the body, as well as possessing diverse virulent characteristics.…”

Pre- and post-COVID-19 antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial pathogens, a comparative study in a tertiary hospital

“…Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the leading public health concerns, especially in developing countries where a higher incidence of improper use of antimicrobial drugs and AMR exists [1]. Most antimicrobial drugs in developing countries, particularly in Gaza, are available to be given by the community pharmacist without a prescription and are subject to a lack of regulation [2]. An article in 2021 reviewed all studies published over a period of 20 years and reported widespread multi-drug resistance among bacterial pathogens recovered from clinical specimens and the hospital environment in the Gaza Strip, Palestine [3].…”