Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in Raw Milk: Molecular Characterization and the potential impact of camel’s Urine as an Antibacterial Agent

Abstract

Raw milk is one of the most important vehicles for transmitting various pathogens, especially Escherichia coli ( E. coli ). Multidrug-resistant pathogens are highly prevalent among mastitic cows in various dairy farms worldwide. Therefore, our current study is based on the identification of E. coli from mastitic cow’s milk and their resistance to various antibacterial agents. As well, the impact of camel’s urine on multi-drug resistant E. coli were also evaluated. Thirty-three E. coli isolates were recovered from 254 milk samples. All strains were initially identified phenotypically by culturing on specific media and Vitek 2 Compact System. The protein fingerprinting technique was used as a confirmatory method. The Stx1 , Stx2 and eae genes were also verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains was tested by the Vitek 2 AST-GN69 cards. Thirty multi-drug resistant E. coli strains (20 from mastitic milk and 10 from clinical samples) were laboratory tested with different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) of virgin and breeding camel’s urine, using the paper disc diffusion method. Our findings showed that 93.94% of E. coli strains were recognized by the Vitek™ 2 system. The results of proteomic investigation illustrated that 100% of E. coli strains were identified at log values ≥2.00. The genotypic identification of the three virulence genes illustrated that 90.1%, 63.64%, and 30.55% of E. coli strains were able to carry the Stx1 , eae, and Stx2 genes, respectively. Most strains of E. coli showed strong resistance against cefazolin (78.79%), ceftazidime (66.67%), cefotaxime (60.61%), ceftriaxone (54.55%), and cefepime (39.40%). The results of the antibacterial effect of camel’s urine revealed that the mean inhibitory zones of virgin camel’s urine were 28 mm, 17 mm, and 14 mm, for the concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. Whereas; the inhibitory zones for the breeding camel’s urine were 18 mm, 0 mm, and 0 mm, for the concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. We concluded that the majority of E. coli strains were able to harbor some virulence genes and resist many antibiotics. Our study also provided a robust evidence that the camel’s urine, particularly from the virgin camels has robust antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant E. coli strains.

Occurrence, Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk Cheese Commercialized in Banat Region, Romania

“…The occurrence of the MDR E. coli strains is not surprising, considering that largely similar results have been reported in several previous studies. Thus, the recorded MDR resistance rate was higher in Iran (30.2%, [ 10 ]) and Saudi Arabia (100%, [ 28 ]), but lower in Northern China (19.4%, [ 26 ]). However, to obtain a better understanding of the AMR phenomenon of this food-borne pathogen in our country, further studies, based on the monitoring and characterization of the genotypic resistance pattern of the isolates, by highlighting the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (e.g., aadA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA1, qnrA, aaC, bla TEM , or sul1 ), are still necessary.…”

Proteomics-based screening and antibiotic resistance assessment of clinical and sub-clinical Brucella species: An evolution of brucellosis infection control

“…The MBT equipment, which was obtained from Bruker Daltonik in Bremen, Germany, was utilized to identify Brucella species isolated from humans and other animal species (cows and goats) suffering from clinical and sub-clinical Brucellosis quickly and precisely. FlexControl (Flex Series version 1.3) and Compass software were used to investigate all isolates [ 25 ].…”

“…Therefore, an innovative skill for precise and rapid categorization of various microorganisms is an actual phase toward an appropriate method for handling of contagious infections in medical and veterinary diagnostics [ 23 , 24 ]. Currently, the furthermost appropriate technique for recognition of various pathogens is based on mass spectral identification with MALDI Biotyper (MBT) [ 25 ]. By using of this technique, the various bacteria and fungi are identified by corresponding the obtained mass spectra with the mass spectra deposited in the reference library.…”

“…MBT has many advantages than the other techniques such as reducing the danger of laboratory infections and the time used to detect the infection [ 26 , 28 , 29 ]. Proteomic analysis of mass peak intensities permits the actual documentation to the species level of bacteria [ 25 ]. The main idea of this technology is mainly depended on ionization of the microbial proteins by laser shots and the creation of different peak intensities known as spectra.…”

Camel urine limits proliferation and modifies cell morphology in human renal tumoral and non-tumoral cells

“…Multiple research studies echo the popular belief within Islamic prophetic medicine that the consumption of Camelus dromedarius (herein after simply referred to as camel) urine, either alone or mixed with milk, is an effective and safe therapeutic remedy against various ailments [1]. Reports on the use of this animal product as a therapeutic agent in humans [2] and on its multiple bioactivities, including cytotoxic effects towards different tumor cell lines [3], inhibition of platelet aggregation [4], protection of gastric [5] and hepatic [6] epithelia, anticlastogenic activity [2] and antimicrobial properties [7], provide scientific basis in support of its putative therapeutic potential. In particular, the anticancer properties of camel urine, tested mainly in vitro , have harnessed increasing interest [8].…”