Multifaceted drivers for onshore wind energy repowering and their implications for energy transition

Kitzing, Lena; Jensen, Morten Bang; Telsnig, Thomas; Lantz, Eric

doi:10.1038/s41560-020-00717-1

Cited by 47 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…hile renewable energy and low-carbon technology transitions are imperative to achieve the climate neutrality and post-COVID-19 green recovery ambitions of many countries 1,2 , such transitions require various types and significant amounts of critical materials (e.g., rare earth for magnets, platinum for catalysts, and lithium for batteries) [3][4][5][6][7] . In particular, while the decarbonization of the transport sector can benefit from sustainable fuels such as electrofuels and biomethane 8 , battery technology, which depends fundamentally on critical materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, is widely deemed indispensable in renewable energy storage and automobile electrification 9,10 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

et al. 2022

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In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the potential supply risks of critical battery materials, such as cobalt, for electric mobility transitions. While battery technology and recycling advancement are two widely acknowledged strategies for addressing such supply risks, the extent to which they will relieve global and regional cobalt demand–supply imbalance remains poorly understood. Here, we address this gap by simulating historical (1998-2019) and future (2020-2050) global cobalt cycles covering both traditional and emerging end uses with regional resolution (China, the U.S., Japan, the EU, and the rest of the world). We show that cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can indeed significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks. However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. Our results reveal varying cobalt supply security levels by region and indicate the urgency of boosting primary cobalt supply to ensure global e-mobility ambitions.

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confidence: 99%

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

et al. 2022

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“…"Replanting" (discussed in [8]) and "end-of-life extensions" (Table 3) did not find resonance in the offshore wind literature. There were 280 publications on wind and repowering on Scopus with the potential to transfer expertise from onshore to offshore wind, as the repowering of onshore wind farms is already more widespread (see, e.g., [207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216]).…”

Section: Repoweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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Circular economy and renewable energy infrastructure such as offshore wind farms are often assumed to be developed in synergy as part of sustainable transitions. Offshore wind is among the preferred technologies for low-carbon energy. Deployment is forecast to accelerate over ten times faster than onshore wind between 2021 and 2025, while the first generation of offshore wind turbines is about to be decommissioned. However, the growing scale of offshore wind brings new sustainability challenges. Many of the challenges are circular economy-related, such as increasing resource exploitation and competition and underdeveloped end-of-use solutions for decommissioned components and materials. However, circular economy is not yet commonly and systematically applied to offshore wind. Circular economy is a whole system approach aiming to make better use of products, components and materials throughout their consecutive lifecycles. The purpose of this study is to enable the integration of a sustainable circular economy into the design, development, operation and end-of-use management of offshore wind infrastructure. This will require a holistic overview of potential circular economy strategies that apply to offshore wind, because focus on no, or a subset of, circular solutions would open the sector to the risk of unintended consequences, such as replacing carbon impacts with water pollution, and short-term private cost savings with long-term bills for taxpayers. This study starts with a systematic review of circular economy and wind literature as a basis for the coproduction of a framework to embed a sustainable circular economy throughout the lifecycle of offshore wind energy infrastructure, resulting in eighteen strategies: design for circular economy, data and information, recertification, dematerialisation, waste prevention, modularisation, maintenance and repair, reuse and repurpose, refurbish and remanufacturing, lifetime extension, repowering, decommissioning, site recovery, disassembly, recycling, energy recovery, landfill and re-mining. An initial baseline review for each strategy is included. The application and transferability of the framework to other energy sectors, such as oil and gas and onshore wind, are discussed. This article concludes with an agenda for research and innovation and actions to take by industry and government.

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“…The locations of these turbines are chosen using a heuristic that ensures that as many turbines as possible can be placed while maintaining the minimum distances between them (ellipse with the following dimensions: eight times the rotor diameter in the main wind direction; five times in the secondary wind direction). Repowering of wind turbines, which is expected to become very relevant for the wind industry, 71 is neglected in the model. RE 3 ASON further provides a deterministic model of optimal investment and dispatch for new energy conversion technologies at the municipality level.…”

Section: Re 3 Ason Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of public acceptance on cost efficiency and environmental sustainability in decentralized energy systems

et al. 2021

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The impact of public acceptance on cost efficiency and environmental sustainability in decentralized energy systems Highlights d Determine cost-optimal energy systems of 11,131 German municipalities in 2050 d Combine cluster and regression analyses with mathematical optimization methods d Apply nationwide scenicness data to estimate the landscape impact of onshore wind d Rejecting onshore wind leads to a significant increase in costs and CO 2 emissions

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Multifaceted drivers for onshore wind energy repowering and their implications for energy transition

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

The impact of public acceptance on cost efficiency and environmental sustainability in decentralized energy systems

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