“…1 In this material the off centering Nb 5þ condition originated from its d 0 electronic states, eliminates the possibility of magnetism arising from local magnetic moments associated with the occupation of d-states at the Nb sites. 2 Recent studies have shown room temperature ferromagnetism in nanoparticles (NPs) of nonmagnetic oxides such as CeO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, In 2 O 3 , and SnO2, 3 and a variety of inorganic materials NPs like gallium nitride (GaN), chalcogenides (CdS and CdSe), superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and the classic ferroelectric BaTiO 3 . 4 In the above mentioned research, the authors have assumed that the origin of ferromagnetism may be due to the exchange interactions between localized electron spin moments resulting from point defects (oxygen vacancies) at the surfaces of NPs.…”