The classification of renal cortical tumours is problematic, with no clear division of benign from malignant tumours. Unbiased stereological estimates of volume-weighted nuclear volume (nuclear Vc.) were obtained by point sampling of nuclear intercepts in a retrospective study of 36 variably sized tubulo-papillary basophilic cell renal cortical tumours. There was no clear pattern of evolution of nuclear V,, with increasing macroscopic tumour diameter. Estimates of nuclear Vv could not distinguish between 21 tumours classified as renal adenomas with macroscopic diameters < 3 cm (average nuclear V,,=241 pm3) and 15 tumours classified as renal cell carcinomas with diameters > 3 cm, or aggressive histological pattern (average nuclear V,,= 229 pm') (2p =0.68). In this subtype of renal cortical tumours, estimates of nuclear V,,, do not support the historical convention of using a 3 cm tumour diameter as the dividing line between adenomas and carcinomas, but support the theory of a single group of tumours. As most of the truly incidental renal cortical tumours are less than 1 cm in diameter, this limit could be considered. Such small benign cortical nodules have never been reported to metastasize, and would thus be excluded from being diagnosed and registered as malignant. Although this dividing line is again arbitrary, and cannot be justified by the stereological measurements, it is a practical solution to a clinical problem. There were too few examples of disease progression to assess the prognostic significance of nuciear 6,. in these tumours.
378small tumours not yet having metastasized (2). This reflects two viewpoints: one that RCT are actually two independent biological processes, and the other that they are a continuum of one biological process.The recent development of unbiased stereological methods has provided another means of studying these tumours. It is now possible to get an objective estimate of the threedimensional nuclear volume, which is independent of nuclear shape ( 3 , 4). Such quantitative estimates have been shown to be a useful tool