Multifragmentation of spectators in relativistic heavy-ion reactions

Botvina, A. S.; Mishustin, I. N.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Hubele, J.; Immé, G.; Iori, I.; Kreutz, P.; Kunde, G. J.; Kunze, Wolfgang; Lindenstruth, V.; Lynen, U.; Moroni, A.; Müller, W. F. J.; Ogilvie, C. A.; Pochodzalla, J.; Raciti, G.; Rubehn, Th.; Sann, H.; Schüttauf, A.; Seidel, W.; Trautmann, W.; Wörner, Antje

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(94)00621-s

Cited by 208 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Independent of different analysis methods, densities lower than 1/3 of the normal nuclear matter density provide the best agreement with the data. Consistent with such a conjecture, models that assume normal nuclear matter density underpredict the fragment multiplicities [37,[52][53][54].…”

Section: Space-time Determinationmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclear Multifragmentation

Gupta

Mekjian

Tsang

2001

Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei

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The equation of state of nuclear matter suggests that at suitable beam energies the disassembling hot system formed in heavy ion collisions will pass through a liquid-gas coexistence region. Searching for the signatures of the phase transition has been a very important focal point of experimental endeavours in heavy-ion collisions, in the last fifteen years. Simultaneously theoretical models have been developed to provide information about the equation of state and reaction mechanisms consistent with the experimental observables.

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Section: Space-time Determinationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Experimentally, production of particles in multifragmentation appears to be dominated by their phase space [42,54,99]. Thus, one should be able to measure temperature and densities, basic quantities in statistical physics.…”

Section: Nuclear Caloric Curvementioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclear Multifragmentation

Gupta

Mekjian

Tsang

2001

Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei

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“…In fact, statistical models were found to be quite successful in describing the measured fragment yields and correlations, provided that emission from an expanded breakup state was assumed [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Very recently, a near perfect description of the experimental charge correlations measured for the reaction 197 Au on Cu at E/A = 600 MeV, including their dispersions around the mean behavior, was achieved with the statistical multifragmentation model [10]. This comparison was made on an absolute scale, apart from an overall normalization constant which relates the number of model events to the measured cross section.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universality of spectator fragmentation at relativistic bombarding energies

et al. 1996

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Multi-fragment decays of 129 Xe, 197 Au, and 238 U projectiles in collisions with Be, C, Al, Cu, In, Au, and U targets at energies between E/A = 400 MeV and 1000 MeV have been studied with the ALADIN forward-spectrometer at SIS. By adding an array of 84 SiCsI(Tl) telescopes the solid-angle coverage of the setup was extended to θ lab = 16 • . This permitted the complete detection of fragments from the projectile-spectator source.The dominant feature of the systematic set of data is the Z bound universality that is obeyed by the fragment multiplicities and correlations. These observables are invariant with respect to the entrance channel if plotted as a function of Z bound , where Z bound is the sum of the atomic numbers Z i of all projectile fragments with Z i ≥ 2. No significant dependence on the bombarding energy nor on the target mass is observed. The dependence of the fragment multiplicity on the projectile mass follows a linear scaling law.The reasons for and the limits of the observed universality of spectator fragmentation are explored within the realm of the available data and with model studies. It is found that the universal properties should persist up to much higher bombarding energies than explored in this work and that they are consistent with universal features exhibited by the intranuclear cascade and statistical multifragmentation models.

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“…At densities less than about 1/3 saturation density such systems disassemble into a mixture of fragments and light particles; the duration of fragment emission is of the order of 100 fm/c [3,4]. Even though the emission time is short, statistical models such as the bulk multifragmentation models which assume equilibrium at a single breakup density and temperature, have been used successfully to describe many experimental observables such as the fragment multiplicities, charge distributions, and the energy spectra of the emitted fragments [2,[5][6][7]. These descriptions require careful, though not necessarily obvious, choices for the source size, excitation energy and collective velocity of expansion [2,6,7,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%