Multifunctional Biomedical Materials Derived from Biological Membranes

Abstract

diagnosis and treatment of diseases, repair, or replacement of human tissues and organs, which play important roles in protecting human health, and saving and prolonging life. [1] Although biomedical materials have great potential and diversity, they are still limited by biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioresorption. [2] These are unique advantages of natural biological materials that make them incomparable to synthetic materials. [3] Nature is the ideal source of inspiration for the design of biomedical materials [4] and understanding and imitating the structure and functions of natural entities is beneficial for designing functional biomedical materials. [5] Therefore, researchers have combined structures and performance of various tissues and organs to design biomedical materials through biomimetic or bioinspired methods. From the perspective of materials science, this strategy will open up a new path for the research and development of multifunctional biomedical materials. [6] For example, hierarchical fibers for water collection inspired by spider silk, [7] electrospinning materials inspired by the extracellular matrix, [8] and other numerous biomedical materials inspired by plants, [9] animals, [10] insects [11] etc. have been reported.Biological membranes is the general term for all membrane structures of cells, organelles, and their boundaries, [12] which are composed of amphiphilic lipids (e.g., phospholipids, glycerides, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters), [13] membrane proteins (e.g., internal membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, channel proteins, and pore proteins), [14] and carbohydrates (e.g., polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). [15] They are indispensable structures in bodies of living organisms and have become ideal prototypes for multifunctional biomedical materials. It should be noted that all biological membranes discussed in this review refer to the membrane structures at cell and cell-derived levels, [16] such as various cell membranes, extracellular vesicles, as well as membranes from bacteria and organelles, rather than macroscopic membrane structures at the tissue level, such as the cornea, amniotic membranes, and peritoneum. [17] There are more than 100 types of phospholipids that constitute biological membranes with different structures and asymmetries. [18] The phospholipid bilayer has the ability to maintain the mechanical strength of cell shapes and the The delicate structure and fantastic functions of biological membranes are the successful evolutionary results of a long-term natural selection process. Their excellent biocompatibility and biofunctionality are widely utilized to construct multifunctional biomedical materials mainly by directly camouflaging materials with single or mixed biological membranes, decorating or incorporating materials with membrane-derived vesicles (e.g., exosomes), and designing multifunctional materials with the structure/functions of biological membranes. Here, the structure-function relationship of some important biologic...

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