Multifunctional Nanocarriers‐Mediated Synergistic Combination of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Immunotherapy and Interventional Oncology Therapy

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) cancer immunotherapies are becoming one of the standard therapies for cancer patients. However, ICI cancer immunotherapy's overall response rate is still moderate and even combinational ICI cancer immunotherapies are not showing significant improvement in therapeutic outcomes. Only a subset of patients respond to the therapy due to the resistance and ignorance to the ICI cancer immunotherapy. Following immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) is also limiting the whole therapeutic regimen. New approaches that can increase the immunotherapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic irAEs are required. Recently, multifunctional nanocarriers, which can extend the half‐life of ICIs and modulate tumor microenvironment (TME), have shown a substantial opportunity to enhance ICI cancer immunotherapies. Interventional oncology (IO), allowing simultaneous diagnosis, immunogenic locoregional therapeutic delivery, and real‐time monitoring of the treatment efficacy, has advanced to demonstrate the effective conversion of TME. The use of multifunctional nanocarriers with the IO therapies amplifies the image guidance capability and immunogenic therapeutic localization for the potential combinational ICI cancer immunotherapy. Herein, emerging opportunity of multifunctional nanocarriers‐mediated synergistic combination of ICI cancer immunotherapy and IO local therapy is discussed.

Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dynamic Imaging and Therapy

“…In particular, interventional clinic techniques, such as percutaneous intratumoral injection and vascular delivery, can be adopted to enhance the targeting efficiency of the MNPs. [218][219][220] The investigations of comparable targeting efficiency of interventional MNP delivery with conventional systemic delivery method are warranted in the future. Moreover, magnetic field control and following magnetic responsiveness should be systemically studied for in vivo translation.…”

Combination of interventional oncology local therapies and immunotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

“…Current limitations relying on systemic administration of ICI immunotherapy and ICI loaded carriers might be overcome with image guided local ICI administration route. 59 Image guided local delivery including intra-tumoral injection and tumor associated vascular injection may result in high doses of ICI combination therapy in local tumor and TME without systemic exposure of toxic therapeutics. HCC receives most of their blood supply from hepatic arteries unlike the normal liver.…”

In Situ Formed, Peritoneum‐Adhesive Immunogels Synergizing Low‐Dose Fractionated Radiotherapy Against Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis

“…A well-established modality for ICB therapy is using antibodies targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) axis, activating T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Another mechanism involves the utilization of anticluster of differentiation 47 (aCD47) to target innate immune checkpoint, a "don't eat me" signal, which inhibits phagocytosis of cancer cells by innate immune cells via interactions of signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) with CD47 on cancer cells. [10][11][12][13][14] Combination of antibodies against PDL1 (aPDL1) and CD47 (aCD47) has also shown synergistic effect in provoking innate and adaptive immune responses.…”