Multifunctional nanoprobes for macrophage imaging

Emerging Epigenetic‐Based Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy: Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment

“…[ 55 ] TAM repolarization can reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment; and thus, enhance the anti‐tumor immune response. [ 56 ] TAMs play a vital role in tumor growth, [ 57 ] metastasis, [ 58 ] and drug resistance. [ 59 ] It is well established that macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells that respond to various TMEs.…”

Activatable Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Endogenous BiomarkersIn Vivo

“…29−31 Nanoprobes are often made by adding specific molecular ligands to nanomaterials. 32,33 Additionally, certain nanoprobes can be made by fusing molecular probes with nanoparticles (NPs). 34,35 Therefore, both molecular and nanoprobes are referred to as probes in the following sections.…”

“…The core of image technique is the probe, which comprises molecular probes and nanoprobes. Molecular probes are crucial functional substances that can accurately answer biomedical questions through correlating imaging signals with molecular status or biological events in vivo , which is a prerequisite and core technology for realizing precise molecular imaging. − Nanoprobes are often made by adding specific molecular ligands to nanomaterials. , Additionally, certain nanoprobes can be made by fusing molecular probes with nanoparticles (NPs). , Therefore, both molecular and nanoprobes are referred to as probes in the following sections. Furthermore, the development of sensitive and efficient probes is essential for the advancement of imaging technology, in addition to advanced imaging equipment.…”

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nanoprobe Quantifies Nitric Oxide for Evaluating M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization and Prognosis of Cancer Treatments

“…24−28 For example, major efforts have been put on the exploration of PET tracers to target the specific receptors expressed on TAMs, which has shown promising results in the noninvasive evaluation of TAMs in the tumors. 29 However, the prognostic value of TAMs in tumor therapy remains controversial due to the dynamic equilibrium between M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumors. 30,31 Recent studies indicated that the phenotypic polarization status of macrophages (i.e., the M1/M2 ratio) is more relevant to the tumor prognosis than the density of TAMs alone.…”

“…Various approaches have been reported for targeted imaging of macrophages, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence imaging. − For example, major efforts have been put on the exploration of PET tracers to target the specific receptors expressed on TAMs, which has shown promising results in the noninvasive evaluation of TAMs in the tumors . However, the prognostic value of TAMs in tumor therapy remains controversial due to the dynamic equilibrium between M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumors. , Recent studies indicated that the phenotypic polarization status of macrophages (i.e., the M1/M2 ratio) is more relevant to the tumor prognosis than the density of TAMs alone. , For example, the low M1/M2 ratio is associated with poor prognosis in most solid tumors, , such as breast cancers, ovarian cancers, and gastric cancers, and vice versa .…”